Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars

Navarro‐González, Rafael; Vargas, Edgar; de la Rosa, José; Raga, Alejandro C.; McKay, Christopher P.

doi:10.1029/2010je003599

Cited by 384Planetary Science and ExplorationAstro and Planetary ScienceSpace Science and Extraterrestrial Life

Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars

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Navarro‐González, Rafael, Vargas, Edgar, de la Rosa, José, Raga, Alejandro C., McKay, Christopher P.·2010·Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

DOI 10.1029/2010je003599

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Abstract

The most comprehensive search for organics in the Martian soil was performed by the Viking Landers. Martian soil was subjected to a thermal volatilization process to vaporize and break organic molecules, and the resultant gases and volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Only water at 0.1–1.0 wt% was detected, with traces of chloromethane at 15 ppb, at Viking landing site 1, and water at 0.05–1.0 wt% and carbon dioxide at 50–700 ppm, with traces of dichloromethane at 0.04–40 ppb, at Viking landing site 2. These chlorohydrocarbons were considered to be terrestrial contaminants, although they had not been detected at those levels in the blank runs. Recently, perchlorate was discovered in the Martian Arctic soil by the Phoenix Lander. Here we show that when Mars‐like soils from the Atacama Desert containing 32 ± 6 ppm of organic carbon are mixed with 1 wt% magnesium perchlorate and heated, nearly all the organics present are decomposed to water and carbon dioxide, but a small amount is chlorinated, forming 1.6 ppm of chloromethane and 0.02 ppm of dichloromethane at 500°C. A chemical kinetics model was developed to predict the degree of oxidation and chlorination of organics in the Viking oven. Reinterpretation of the Viking results therefore suggests ≤0.1% perchlorate and 1.5–6.5 ppm organic carbon at landing site 1 and ≤0.1% perchlorate and 0.7–2.6 ppm organic carbon at landing site 2. The detection of organics on Mars is important to assess locations for future experiments to detect life itself.

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Phoenix detected perchlorates in the martian surface, which could explain the nondetection of organics even if present, because perchlorate is highly oxidizing at elevated temperatures and may have destroyed martian organics before detection.
“More recently, the Phoenix lander detected perchlorates in the martian surface, which could explain the nondetection of organics even if present (Navarro-González et al., 2010). Perchlorate is highly oxidizing at the elevated temperatures of pyrolytic experiments and so may have destroyed martian organics before detection.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Navarro-González et al., 2010

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“More recently, the Phoenix lander detected perchlorates in the martian surface, which could explain the nondetection of organics even if present (Navarro-González et al., 2010).”
The formation of sulfate, nitrate and perchlorate salts in the martian atmosphere
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The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return
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Oxidants at the Surface of Mars: A Review in Light of Recent Exploration Results
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The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life
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Science Potential from a Europa Lander
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Perchlorates on Mars enhance the bacteriocidal effects of UV light
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Deliquescence and efflorescence of calcium perchlorate: An investigation of stable aqueous solutions relevant to Mars
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ON THE FORMATION OF DIPEPTIDES IN INTERSTELLAR MODEL ICES
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Mars Extant Life: What's Next? Conference Report
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The Case for Extant Life on Mars and Its Possible Detection by the Viking Labeled Release Experiment
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SOLID3: A Multiplex Antibody Microarray-Based Optical Sensor Instrument for In Situ Life Detection in Planetary Exploration
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First Detections of Dichlorobenzene Isomers and Trichloromethylpropane from Organic Matter Indigenous to Mars Mudstone in Gale Crater, Mars: Results from the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Onboard the Curiosity Rover
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Deep UV Raman spectroscopy for planetary exploration: The search for in situ organics
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Mass spectrometry and planetary exploration: A brief review and future projection
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Challenging the agricultural viability of martian regolith simulants
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Clays and the Origin of Life: The Experiments
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Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…
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Organics on Mars?
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Evaluating the role of sulfide-weathering in the formation of sulfates or carbonates on Mars
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Laboratory insights into the chemical and kinetic evolution of several organic molecules under simulated Mars surface UV radiation conditions
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Hydrogen peroxide on Mars: Observations, interpretation and future plans
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Carbon monoxide as a metabolic energy source for extremely halophilic microbes: Implications for microbial activity in Mars regolith
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Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds—A Comprehensive Review
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Towards a Biomanufactory on Mars
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Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere
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Constraints on the composition and particle size of chloride salt‐bearing deposits on Mars
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Perchlorate formation on Mars through surface radiolysis‐initiated atmospheric chemistry: A potential mechanism
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Initiation and growth of martian ice lenses
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The nitrate/(per)chlorate relationship on Mars
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Comment on “Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars” by Rafael Navarro-González et al.
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The Atacama Desert in Northern Chile as an Analog Model of Mars
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Midinfrared spectroscopy of synthetic olivines: Thermal emission, specular and diffuse reflectance, and attenuated total reflectance studies of forsterite to fayalite
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MOMA: the challenge to search for organics and biosignatures on Mars
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Forming perchlorates on Mars through plasma chemistry during dust events
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Influence of magnesium perchlorate on the pyrolysis of organic compounds in Mars analogue soils
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Soluble salts at the Phoenix Lander site, Mars: A reanalysis of the Wet Chemistry Laboratory data
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The Habitability of Our Earth and Other Earths: Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Biological Limits on Planet Habitability
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Low Energy Subsurface Environments as Extraterrestrial Analogs
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Implementation of microchip electrophoresis instrumentation for future spaceflight missions
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The influence of mineralogy on recovering organic acids from Mars analogue materials using the “one-pot” derivatization experiment on the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite
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Nitrate-Dependent Iron Oxidation: A Potential Mars Metabolism
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Posteucritic magmatism on Vesta: Evidence from the petrology and thermal history of diogenites
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Effects of extreme cold and aridity on soils and habitability: McMurdo Dry Valleys as an analogue for the Mars Phoenix landing site
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Chemical evolution of organic molecules under Mars-like UV radiation conditions simulated in the laboratory with the “Mars organic molecule irradiation and evolution” (MOMIE) setup
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Organic Matter Preservation in Ancient Soils of Earth and Mars
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Identification of Chlorobenzene in the Viking Gas Chromatograph‐Mass Spectrometer Data Sets: Reanalysis of Viking Mission Data Consistent With Aromatic Organic Compounds on Mars
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Constraining the Potential Liquid Water Environment at Gale Crater, Mars
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Aqueous Alteration in Martian Meteorites
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Spectral and thermal properties of perchlorate salts and implications for Mars
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Measurements of Oxychlorine species on Mars
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Radiolysis of Macromolecular Organic Material in Mars‐Relevant Mineral Matrices
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The Significance of Microbe-Mineral-Biomarker Interactions in the Detection of Life on Mars and Beyond
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Chlorate as a Potential Oxidant on Mars: Rates and Products of Dissolved Fe(II) Oxidation
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Geo-mineralogical characterisation of Mars simulant MMS-1 and appraisal of substrate physico-chemical properties and crop performance obtained with variable green compost amendment rates
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Recovery of Fatty Acids from Mineralogic Mars Analogs by TMAH Thermochemolysis for the Sample Analysis at Mars Wet Chemistry Experiment on the Curiosity Rover
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UV degradation of accreted organics on Mars: IDP longevity, surface reservoir of organics, and relevance to the detection of methane in the atmosphere
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Earth analogues for past and future life on Mars: isolation of perchlorate resistant halophiles from Big Soda Lake
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Freezing of perchlorate and chloride brines under Mars-relevant conditions
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A wide variety of putative extremophiles and large beta-diversity at the Mars Desert Research Station (Utah)
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Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars
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Methane from UV-irradiated carbonaceous chondrites under simulated Martian conditions
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Magnesium sulfate as a key mineral for the detection of organic molecules on Mars using pyrolysis
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Perchlorate induced low temperature carbonate decomposition in the Mars Phoenix Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA)
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Astrobiology and habitability studies in preparation for future Mars missions: trends from investigating minerals, organics and biota
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Potential precursor compounds for chlorohydrocarbons detected in Gale Crater, Mars, by the SAM instrument suite on the Curiosity Rover
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Shielding biomolecules from effects of radiation by Mars analogue minerals and soils
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In situ analysis of martian regolith with the SAM experiment during the first mars year of the MSL mission: Identification of organic molecules by gas chromatography from laboratory measurements
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Planning Considerations Related to the Organic Contamination of Martian Samples and Implications for the Mars 2020 Rover
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Robotics and Automation for “Icebreaker”
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A revised Pitzer model for low-temperature soluble salt assemblages at the Phoenix site, Mars
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Sulfate Minerals: A Problem for the Detection of Organic Compounds on Mars?
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An Open Tubular Ion Chromatograph
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Ladakh: diverse, high-altitude extreme environments for off-earth analogue and astrobiology research
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Oxalate minerals on Mars?
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Soil carbon distribution and site characteristics in hyper-arid soils of the Atacama Desert: A site with Mars-like soils
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Comment on “Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars” by Rafael Navarro-González et al.
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Possible Detection of Perchlorates by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument: Comparison with Previous Missions
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Organics on Mars?
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Identification of chlorobenzene in the Viking gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer data sets: Reanalysis of Viking mission data consistent with aromatic organic compounds on Mars
Guzman, M., Navarro-González, R., Szopa, C., McKay, C. P., Quinn, R. C., Freissinet, C., & Dávila, A. F. (2018) · HAL
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The Viking biology experiments on Mars revisited
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Authors: Navarro‐González, R., Vargas, E., de la Rosa, J., Raga, A. C., & McKay, C. P.
Affiliations: Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria Mexico City Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
Ames Research Center (US)
ORCID: Raga, Alejandro C.
McKay, Christopher P.
Venue: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 115
Issue: E12
ISSN: 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1029/2010je003599
OpenAlex: W1970425118
Cited by: 384
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 13.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 14 d)
Locations: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Keywords: Viking landers, perchlorate, methyl chloride, dichloromethane, thermal volatilization, organic carbon, chemical kinetic modeling

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Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars

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