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Cited by 71Disaster Management and ResilienceSustainability and Climate Change GovernanceClimate variability and models

Social‐Environmental Extremes: Rethinking Extraordinary Events as Outcomes of Interacting Biophysical and Social Systems

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Balch, Jennifer K., Iglesias, Virginia, Braswell, Anna E., Rossi, Matthew W., Joseph, Maxwell B., Mahood, Adam L., Shrum, Trisha R., White, Caitlin T. +5 more·2020·Earth's Future
DOI 10.1029/2019ef001319
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Abstract

Extreme droughts, heat waves, fires, hurricanes, floods, and landslides cause the largest losses in the United States, and globally, from natural hazards linked to weather and climate. There is evidence that the frequency of such extremes is increasing, particularly for heat waves, large fires, and intense precipitation, making better understanding of the probability and consequences of these events imperative. Further, these events are not isolated, but rather interact with each other and with other social and biophysical drivers and conditions, to amplify impacts. Less is known about the nature and strength of these interactions. Natural and social science subfields frame extreme events with different definitions and analytical approaches, often neglecting interactions and the subsequent novel extremes that can arise. Here we propose a framework for social‐environmental extremes, defined as extraordinary events that emerge from interactions among biophysical and social systems. We argue that this definition is critical because it constrains the focus to major events that are capturing societal and scientific attention because of their extreme biophysical drivers and/or the extreme social outcomes. We review how different fields approach extremes as interacting phenomena and propose a synthetic framework that allows analytical separation of the multiple drivers and responses that yield extreme events and extreme effects. We conclude with a future research agenda for understanding the extreme events that matter to society. This agenda will help to identify where, when, and why communities may have high exposure and vulnerability to social‐environmental extremes—informing future mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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  • Compound effects of catastrophic wildfires, water supply vulnerabilities, and ecological, social, and economic stresses can cascade towards socio-hydrosystem collapse.

    “Effective WWR governance must also account for the compound effects of catastrophic wildfires, water supply vulnerabilities, and ecological, social, and economic stresses that can cascade towards socio‐hydrosystem collapse (Figure 3) (Balch et al., 2020; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2019; van Asselt & Renn, 2011).”

    From Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply (2021) · cites this paper as Balch et al., 2020

    Section 4.2 describes interacting hazards, including wildfires that trigger floods and debris flows, and says interactions with social vulnerability can amplify impacts. The paper also describes multihazard cascades that create risk. It does not establish that the specified combination of wildfire, water-supply vulnerability, and ecological, social, and economic stresses can lead to socio-hydrosystem collapse. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Urban water supply is increasingly vulnerable to disruption caused by wildfires.

    “Hence, urban water supply is increasingly vulnerable to disruption caused by wildfires (Balch et al., 2020; Keys et al., 2019) (Box 2).”

    From Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply (2021) · cites this paper as Balch et al., 2020

    Section 6, ‘A Future Research Agenda for Studying Social-Environmental Extremes’ (page unavailable), discusses increasing exposure of homes to drought and wildfire, not disruption of urban water supply. Searches for ‘water supply,’ ‘urban water,’ and wildfire-related water infrastructure found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed vulnerability. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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  • Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply

    Robinne, F., Hallema, D. W., Bladon, K. D., Flannigan, M. D., Boisramé, G., Bréthaut, C. M., Doerr, S. H., Di Baldassarre, G., Gallagher, L. A., Hohner, A. K., et al. (2021) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.14086 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

    “Hence, urban water supply is increasingly vulnerable to disruption caused by wildfires (Balch et al., 2020; Keys et al., 2019) WWR is inherently systemic (Deere et al., 2017): fire is a source of socio-hydrological extreme, whereby the dynamic interactions and dependencies between upstream source…”
    Background

Authors
Balch, J. K., Iglesias, V., Braswell, A. E., Rossi, M. W., Joseph, M. B., Mahood, A. L., Shrum, T. R., White, C. T., Scholl, V. M., McGuire, B., Karban, C., Buckland, M., & Travis, W. R.
Affiliations
  • Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author
Balch, Jennifer K.
ORCID
Venue
Earth's Future
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published
2020-07
Volume
8
Issue
7
ISSN
2328-4277 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1029/2019ef001319
OpenAlex
W2966475814
Cited by
71
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 1
FWCI
15.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Earth s Future (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Keywords
extreme events, natural hazards, heat waves, drought, forest fires, floods, hurricanes, landslides, heavy rainfall, climate change, exposure and vulnerability

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