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Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection
Open accessAbstract
Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem effects that can be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend to be biased by trophic level: higher‐level consumers are less diverse, less abundant, and under stronger anthropogenic pressure on average than wild plants, and thus face greater risk of extinction. Second, unlike plants, consumers often have impacts on ecosystems disproportionate to their abundance. Thus, an early consequence of declining diversity will often be skewed trophic structure, potentially reducing top‐down influence. Third, where predators remain abundant, declining diversity at lower trophic levels may change effectiveness of predation and penetrance of trophic cascades by reducing trait diversity and the potential for compensation among species within a level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support for this prediction. Yet effects of changing animal diversity on functional processes have rarely been tested experimentally. Evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of current experimental research to multi‐level food webs. A central challenge to doing so, and to evaluating the importance of trophic cascades specifically, is understanding the distribution of interaction strengths within natural communities and how they change with community composition. Although topology of most real food webs is extremely complex, it is not at all clear how much of this complexity translates to strong dynamic linkages that influence aggregate biomass and community composition. Finally, there is a need for more detailed data on patterns of species loss from real ecosystems (community “disassembly” rules).
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“This finding supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than do plants”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
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Top predator absence enhances leaf breakdown in an intermittent stream
Rodríguez‐Lozano, P., Rieradevall, M., & Prat, N. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.021 · Cited by 18
de Roos, A. (2020) · Ecological research · doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12174 · Cited by 17
“Within populations individuals can for example differ in competitive ability (Duffy, 2002), antipredator defense (Becks, Ellner, Jones, & Hairston, 2010), resource use (Andersson, Byström, Persson, & de Roos, 2005; Bolnick et al., 2003; Snorrason et al., 1994), or personality (Wolf & Weissing,…”
BackgroundThe outer Bristol Channel marine habitat study
Mackie, A. S. Y., James, C., Rees, E. I. A., Darbyshire, T., Philpott, S. L., Mortimer, K., Jenkins, G. O., & Morando, A. (2006) · NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) · Cited by 18
Hurricane impacts on a coral reef soundscape
Simmons, K. R., Eggleston, D. B., & Bohnenstiehl, D. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244599 · Cited by 17
“Disturbance states in coral reef ecosystems are often described as a shift from the desired, structurally complex coral dominated reef, to a less desirable macroalgal dominated state [10–12], as well as reductions in major functional groups such as herbivorous grazers, prey fish stocks, and apex predators [13, 14].”
BackgroundGuden, R. M., Derycke, S., & Moens, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.777425 · Cited by 16
“These effects are called the “variancein-edibility” hypothesis (Leibold, 1989; Duffy, 2002) and the “dilution or resource concentration” hypothesis (Andow, 1991; Joshi et al., 2004), respectively.”
BackgroundLocal Habitat Complexity and Its Effects on Herbivores and Predators in Urban Agroecosystems
Lucatero, A., Jha, S., & Philpott, S. M. (2024) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects15010041 · Cited by 22
“In turn, a high diversity of natural enemies can result in greater pest suppression due to niche complementarity, whereby diverse natural enemy communities target different prey species or exploit different locations and thus consume more pests than assemblages with fewer natural enemies [24,25].”
BackgroundBiodiversity loss impacts top-down regulation of insect herbivores across ecosystem boundaries
Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Pozsgai, G., Fekih, I. B., Sanchez-Garcia, F. J., & Elkahky, M. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172807 · Cited by 20
Rakowski, C. J., & Cardinale, B. J. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03105 · Cited by 18
“Accepted 11 February 2016 Oikos 000: 001–009, 2016 doi: 10.1111/oik.03105 EV-2 suggest that variation in herbivore traits such as body size and feeding selectivity may help explain diff erences among studies (Duff y 2002, Th ebault and Loreau 2005, Narwani and Mazumder 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialLeaf herbivory is more impacted by forest composition than by tree diversity or edge effects
Lantman, I. M. V. S., Hertzog, L. R., Vandegehuchte, M. L., Martel, A., Verheyen, K., Lens, L., & Bonte, D. (2018) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2018.03.006 · Cited by 17
“Herbivory is a key ecosystem function (Duffy, 2002).”
Dunck, B., Amaral, D. C., Fernandes, U. L., Santana, N. F., Lopes, T. M., & Rodrigues, L. (2018) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3587-y · Cited by 17
“The individual-scale properties of herbivores as feeding mode, predation risk avoidance, body size, and feeding selectivity mediate herbivory (Duffy, 2002; Schmitz, 2008).”
BackgroundSimulating Imaging Spectroscopy in Tropical Forest with 3D Radiative Transfer Modeling
Ebengo, D. M., de Boissieu, F., Vincent, G., Weber, C., & Féret, J. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13112120 · Cited by 17
Efecto del uso de suelo en las hormigas (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) de Tikinmul, Campeche, México
Chanatásig-Vaca, C. I., Lwanga, E. H., Rojas, P., Mendoza, A. P., Mendoza‐Vega, J., Ríos, A. M., van der Wal, H., & Castillo, B. B. D. (2011) · ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N S ) · doi:10.21829/azm.2011.272764 · Cited by 17
Revealing trophic transmission pathways of marine tapeworms
Bennett, J., Jorge, F., Poulin, R., & Randhawa, H. S. (2019) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-019-06264-3 · Cited by 17
“Within marine food webs, elasmobranchs occupy high trophic levels (Paine 1980; Crooks and Soulé 1999; Pace et al. 1999; Duffy 2002; Myers et al. 2007; Heithaus et al. 2008; Handling Editor: Julia Walochnik Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article…”
BackgroundLaws, A. N., Prather, C. M., Branson, D. H., & Pennings, S. C. (2018) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12897 · Cited by 15
“In contrast, the role of consumer biodiversity in ecosystems is less well studied, especially in terrestrial ecosystems (Duffy, 2002).”
BackgroundShan, L., & Hou, M. (2023) · Acta Botanica Yunnanica · doi:10.1016/j.pld.2023.09.002 · Cited by 17
“For instance, previous studies have reported that grassland plots with high diversity are more tolerant to single grazing herds than are plots with low diversity (Duffy, 2002; Zhu et al., 2012).”
The management effectiveness of protected areas in Kenya
Onditi, K. O., Li, X., Song, W., Li, Q., Musila, S., Mathenge, J., Kioko, E. N., & Jiang, X. (2021) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02276-7 · Cited by 17
“…as top predators of large- and medium-sized herbivores, large carnivores drive herbivore population and distribution patterns while the feeding and movement of megafaunas such as elephants, rhinoceroses, and giraffes create new resources and habitats for other species (Duffy 2002; Lacher et al.”
BackgroundDekeukeleire, D., Lantman, I. M. V. S., Hertzog, L. R., Vandegehuchte, M. L., Strubbe, D., Vantieghem, P., Martel, A., Verheyen, K., Bonte, D., & Lens, L. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.055 · Cited by 16
Indirect control of decomposition by an invertebrate predator
Walker, A. E. L., Robertson, M. P., Eggleton, P., Bunney, K., Lamb, C., Fisher, A. M., & Parr, C. L. (2022) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14198 · Cited by 15
Ghedini, G., Russell, B. D., Falkenberg, L. J., & Connell, S. D. (2015) · Climate Change Responses · doi:10.1186/s40665-015-0014-8 · Cited by 15
“Changes in top-down pressure can have profound effects on community structure [52], but”
BackgroundSolan, M., Godbold, J. A., Symstad, A. J., Flynn, D. F. B., & Bunker, D. E. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0003 · Cited by 18
Reustle, J. W., & Smee, D. L. (2020) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11452 · Cited by 15
“Predator loss may directly affect ecosystem function by altering trophic relationships, particularly the abundance of intermediate consumers or mesopredators (Pace et al. 1999; Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundDietary guild composition and disaggregation of avian assemblages under climate change
Ko, C., Schmitz, O. J., Barbet‐Massin, M., & Jetz, W. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12419 · Cited by 16
“One way to ecologically characterize species co-occurrence patterns and aspects of the functional structure of assemblages is through the analysis of dietary guilds (Adams, 1985; Simberloff & Dayan, 1991; Duffy, 2002; Carnicer & D ıaz-Delgado, 2008; Kissling et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialFarías, A. A., & Svensson, G. L. (2014) · Journal of Mammalian Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9264-7 · Cited by 15
“Many of the functional roles played by carnivorans in ecosystems depend on traits associated with their trophic habits (Duffy 2002; Casula et al. 2006; Farias and Jaksic 2009, 2011).”
BackgroundReynolds, L. K., Chan, K. M., Huynh, E., Williams, S. L., & Stachowicz, J. J. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.04471 · Cited by 15
Animal and plant space‐use drive plant diversity–productivity relationships
Albert, G., Gauzens, B., Ryser, R., Thébault, É., Wang, S., & Brose, U. (2023) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14295 · Cited by 14
Recreational fisheries selectively capture and harvest large predators
Flink, H., Sundblad, G., Merilä, J., & Tibblin, P. (2024) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12839 · Cited by 14
Anastasio, O. E., Mathis, K. A., & Rivera, M. J. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107299 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Duffy, J. E.
- Affiliations
- William & Mary (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- ORCID
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- Venue
- Oikos
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-219
- ISSN
- 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0706
- OpenAlex
- W2115004610
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oikos (publishedVersion)
- W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9521184, 0096226)
- Strong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Keywords
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, animal biodiversity, top-down control, trophic cascades, predator-prey interactions, species extinction, interaction strength, community disassembly, biodiversity loss, functional traits
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