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Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection
Open accessAbstract
Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem effects that can be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend to be biased by trophic level: higher‐level consumers are less diverse, less abundant, and under stronger anthropogenic pressure on average than wild plants, and thus face greater risk of extinction. Second, unlike plants, consumers often have impacts on ecosystems disproportionate to their abundance. Thus, an early consequence of declining diversity will often be skewed trophic structure, potentially reducing top‐down influence. Third, where predators remain abundant, declining diversity at lower trophic levels may change effectiveness of predation and penetrance of trophic cascades by reducing trait diversity and the potential for compensation among species within a level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support for this prediction. Yet effects of changing animal diversity on functional processes have rarely been tested experimentally. Evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of current experimental research to multi‐level food webs. A central challenge to doing so, and to evaluating the importance of trophic cascades specifically, is understanding the distribution of interaction strengths within natural communities and how they change with community composition. Although topology of most real food webs is extremely complex, it is not at all clear how much of this complexity translates to strong dynamic linkages that influence aggregate biomass and community composition. Finally, there is a need for more detailed data on patterns of species loss from real ecosystems (community “disassembly” rules).
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“This finding supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than do plants”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
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“This is because the increased heterogeneity of host plant populations should disrupt successful host location, increase the likelihood of leaving the food patch (Root, 1973; Thiéry and Visser, 1987; Peacock and Herrick, 2000; Duffy, 2002; Civitello et al., 2015; Field et al., 2020), and/or force herbivores to consume…”
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“Finding answers for this question is imperative because predatory species generally face higher risks of extinction than their prey (Petchey et al. 1999; Jackson et al. 2001; Duffy 2002, 2003).”
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“…2011 members, relative functional effi ciency (per capita eff ects on resources), relative abundance, and relative competitive ability (Lawton and Brown 1993, Morin 1995, Mooney et al. 1996, Ruesink and Srivastava 2001, Duff y 2002, Hector et al. 2002, Larsen et al. 2005, Balvanera et al. 2006).”
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“More diverse consumer assemblages can better exploit food resources (Naeem and Li 1998; Norberg 2000; Duffy 2002 ), while larger consumers often exert stronger predation pressure than do small-bodied, stress-tolerant species (Brooks and Dodson 1965; Cattaneo and Kalff 1986; Diehl 1992).”
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Repetto, M. F., Torchin, M. E., Ruiz, G. M., Schlöder, C., & Freestone, A. L. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.0868 · Cited by 6
“Given increasingly wide support for a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function [66] and the importance of consumer interactions to maintaining function [67], species loss can substantially alter ecosystem processes, particularly when functional redundancy is limited [68].”
BackgroundDonadi, S., Olin, A. B., Casini, M., Eklöf, J., Erlandsson, M., Fredriksson, R., Kaljuste, O., Larson, N., Nilsson, J., & Bergström, U. (2024) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsae168 · Cited by 6
Li, T., Jia, Y., Shao, M., & Shen, N. (2019) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2019.104312 · Cited by 6
Spruill-Harrell, B., Pérez‐Umphrey, A. A., Valdivieso-Torres, L., Cao, X., Owen, R. D., & Jonsson, C. B. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13101963 · Cited by 6
“The reduction of natural predation is one of the most significant effects of anthropogenic action in rural landscapes [59,60].”
BackgroundConsequences of trait changes in host–parasitoid interactions in insect communities
van Veen, F. J. F., & Godfray, H. C. J. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511736551.006 · Cited by 6
Kappes, J. J., & Sieving, K. E. (2011) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1525/cond.2011.090195 · Cited by 6
“The net effect of snakes on Red-cockaded Woodpeckers is expected to vary across habitats with (1) the abundance of rat snakes (Duffy 2002), (2) the magnitude of the predation differential (PKE PPE), and (3) the strength of the effect of kleptoparasites on Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (PPK).”
BackgroundThe spatio-temporal dynamics of trophic control in large marine ecosystems
Frank, K. T., Fisher, J. A. D., & Leggett, W. C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139924856.003 · Cited by 6
Bracken, M. E. S., & Williams, S. L. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03884 · Cited by 6
Fernandes, U. L., Casas, G., Lopes, T. M., Palheta, L. R., Rodrigues, L., & Dunck, B. (2020) · Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia · doi:10.1590/s2179-975x8720 · Cited by 6
Hidalgo, F. J., Firstater, F. N., Lomovasky, B. J., & Iribarne, O. O. (2013) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315413000994 · Cited by 6
Consequences of omnivory and alternative food resources on the strength of trophic cascades
Frank, S. D. (2007) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 6
Frainer, A. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6
Kwan, Y. H., Derycke, S., Trouche, B., Wenzhöfer, F., Middelboe, M., Brandt, A., Shimabukuro, M., Glud, R. N., & Zeppilli, D. (2025) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103594 · Cited by 5
Tembo, J. K., Kihia, C. M., Kitaka, N. K., O'Brien, G. C., Hanzen, C., Mbaru, E., & Wanjiru, K. C. (2023) · Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.4314/wiojms.v22i2.7 · Cited by 5
“Sympatric fish species feeding guilds, trophic levels (TL) and diet breadth The highest trophic level of sympatric fish species recorded for the Ramisi River ( (Duffy, 2002; Barbier et al ., 2009).”
BackgroundDupuis, B., Kato, A., Joly, N., Saraux, C., Ropert‐Coudert, Y., Chiaradia, A., & Chimienti, M. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110323 · Cited by 7
Guden, R. M., Derycke, S., & Moens, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1240802 · Cited by 5
Biodiversity and ecosystem function: perspectives on disease
Ostfeld, R. S., Thomas, M. B., & Keesing, F. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0015 · Cited by 5
PASSIVE DEFENSIVE TRAITS ARE NOT GOOD PREDICTORS OF PREDATION FOR INFAUNAL REEF BIVALVES
Martinelli, J., Kosnik, M. A., & Madin, J. S. (2016) · Palaios · doi:10.2110/palo.2016.018 · Cited by 5
“By affecting the fitness of their prey, predators lead to changes in prey population dynamics (Meyer and Byers 2005), and over time these changes can modify the relative proportion of different trophic groups in a community (Paine 1966; Duffy 2002).”
BackgroundPlum, C., & Hillebrand, H. (2019) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-019-3609-y · Cited by 5
“…or negative response in consumer polycultures under the other factorial resource combinations indicated that potential positive effects such as resource partitioning or facilitation may have been eliminated by negative effects of interspecific competition (Duffy 2002; Bruno and Cardinale 2008).”
BackgroundClausing, R. J., Phillips, N. E., & Fong, P. (2020) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13405 · Cited by 5
“…important consumer species (Duffy, 2003), two of the predominant anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems (Estes et al., 2011; Smith & Schindler, 2009), may thus cause dramatic shifts in plant communities (Duffy, 2002; Folke et al., 2004; Hautier et al., 2015; Isbell et al., 2013; Worm & Lotze, 2006).”
BackgroundBonk, M., & Bobrek, R. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12750-y · Cited by 5
“Human alterations often lead to changes in local species composition and abundance, and thus affect ecosystem functionality (Duffy 2002), making themmore susceptible to invasion (Malin et al.”
BackgroundLanari, M., & Coutinho, R. (2010) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2010.1404.09 · Cited by 5
Kehrli, P., & Wratten, S. D. (2011) · ISRN Ecology · doi:10.5402/2011/480195 · Cited by 5
“, [56–60]).”
Distribution and role of macrophytes in coastal lagoons : implications of critical shifts
Rosqvist, K. (2010) · Doria (University of Helsinki) · Cited by 5
CONTROLS ON BENTHIC BIODIVERSITY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN A TEMPERATE COASTAL LAGOON
Rosinski, J. L. (2004) · Cited by 5
Brodie, J. F. (2007) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 5
Butler, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2025.152122 · Cited by 4
González, J. E., Yannicelli, B., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., & Ortiz, M. (2023) · Scientia Marina · doi:10.3989/scimar.05350.057 · Cited by 4
Breckling, B., & Reuter, H. (2004) · Poiesis & Praxis · doi:10.1007/s10202-004-0072-7 · Cited by 4
“…of different aspects involved, e.g. relating biodiversity with stability aspects (Lehman and Tilman 2000; Ives and Hughes 2002), ecosystem function (Mikola and Setala 1998; Duffy 2002), disturbances (Silver et al. 1996; Mackey and Currie 2000), and an evolutionary context (Signor 1994).”
BackgroundContribution of soil fauna to mass loss of Abies faxoniana leaf litter during the freeze-thaw season
Xia, L., Wu, F., & Yang, W. (2011) · Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1258.2011.01127 · Cited by 4
Lennon, E., & Sealey, K. S. (2021) · Caribbean Journal of Science · doi:10.18475/cjos.v51i1.a3 · Cited by 4
Kumar, J., Deshmukhe, G., Dwivedi, A., Surya, S., Sreekanth, G. B., & Singh, S. K. (2015) · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Duffy, J. E.
- Affiliations
- William & Mary (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- ORCID
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- Venue
- Oikos
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-219
- ISSN
- 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0706
- OpenAlex
- W2115004610
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oikos (publishedVersion)
- W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9521184, 0096226)
- Strong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Keywords
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, animal biodiversity, top-down control, trophic cascades, predator-prey interactions, species extinction, interaction strength, community disassembly, biodiversity loss, functional traits
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