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Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection
Open accessAbstract
Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem effects that can be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend to be biased by trophic level: higher‐level consumers are less diverse, less abundant, and under stronger anthropogenic pressure on average than wild plants, and thus face greater risk of extinction. Second, unlike plants, consumers often have impacts on ecosystems disproportionate to their abundance. Thus, an early consequence of declining diversity will often be skewed trophic structure, potentially reducing top‐down influence. Third, where predators remain abundant, declining diversity at lower trophic levels may change effectiveness of predation and penetrance of trophic cascades by reducing trait diversity and the potential for compensation among species within a level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support for this prediction. Yet effects of changing animal diversity on functional processes have rarely been tested experimentally. Evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of current experimental research to multi‐level food webs. A central challenge to doing so, and to evaluating the importance of trophic cascades specifically, is understanding the distribution of interaction strengths within natural communities and how they change with community composition. Although topology of most real food webs is extremely complex, it is not at all clear how much of this complexity translates to strong dynamic linkages that influence aggregate biomass and community composition. Finally, there is a need for more detailed data on patterns of species loss from real ecosystems (community “disassembly” rules).
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“This finding supports conceptual predictions that biodiversity loss should have greater consequences for higher trophic levels, in part because animals typically utilize more diverse resource pools and have more complex behaviours than do plants”
From Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
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PERSPECTIVES Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning
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“This trophic skew (Duffy 2002) can be seen in the fact that more than half of bromeliadencountered species were predatory or potentially predatory (a category that includes omnivores like opiliones, cockroaches, and homopteran-tending ants).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Duffy, J. E.
- Affiliations
- William & Mary (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- ORCID
- Duffy, J. Emmett
- Venue
- Oikos
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-219
- ISSN
- 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0706
- OpenAlex
- W2115004610
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oikos (publishedVersion)
- W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9521184, 0096226)
- Strong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Keywords
- biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, animal biodiversity, top-down control, trophic cascades, predator-prey interactions, species extinction, interaction strength, community disassembly, biodiversity loss, functional traits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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