Cited by 653Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesPlant and animal studiesMathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 172 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection

Open access

Duffy, J. Emmett·2002·Oikos

DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem effects that can be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend to be biased by trophic level: higher‐level consumers are less diverse, less abundant, and under stronger anthropogenic pressure on average than wild plants, and thus face greater risk of extinction. Second, unlike plants, consumers often have impacts on ecosystems disproportionate to their abundance. Thus, an early consequence of declining diversity will often be skewed trophic structure, potentially reducing top‐down influence. Third, where predators remain abundant, declining diversity at lower trophic levels may change effectiveness of predation and penetrance of trophic cascades by reducing trait diversity and the potential for compensation among species within a level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support for this prediction. Yet effects of changing animal diversity on functional processes have rarely been tested experimentally. Evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of current experimental research to multi‐level food webs. A central challenge to doing so, and to evaluating the importance of trophic cascades specifically, is understanding the distribution of interaction strengths within natural communities and how they change with community composition. Although topology of most real food webs is extremely complex, it is not at all clear how much of this complexity translates to strong dynamic linkages that influence aggregate biomass and community composition. Finally, there is a need for more detailed data on patterns of species loss from real ecosystems (community “disassembly” rules).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x

Cites

172 of 172 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs
Connell, J. H. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.199.4335.1302 · Cited by 9,360
Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059199 · Cited by 6,652
Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity
Paine, R. T. (1966) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282400 · Cited by 5,361
Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems
May, R. M. (2001) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691206912 · Cited by 5,229
Fundamentals of Ecology (1953)
Odum, E. P. (1955) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300188479-022 · Cited by 5,012
Fishing Down Marine Food Webs
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R., & Torres, F. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5352.860 · Cited by 4,743
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hector, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064088 · Cited by 4,649
Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers
Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H., & Shachak, M. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_14 · Cited by 4,376
STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Schoener, T. W., & May, R. M. (1974) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00784.x · Cited by 3,989
The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants.
Richards, P. W., & Elton, C. (1959) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.2307/2257385 · Cited by 3,907
Community structure, population control, and competition.
Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E., & Slobodkin, L. B. (1960) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282146 · Cited by 3,492
QUANTIFYING THREATS TO IMPERILED SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES
Wilcove, D., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A., & Losos, E. (1998) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1313420 · Cited by 3,357
The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes
Tilman, D. G., Knops, J. M. H., Wedin, D. A., Reich, P. B., Ritchie, M. E., & Siemann, E. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300 · Cited by 3,298
The complexity and stability of ecosystems
Pimm, S. L. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307321a0 · Cited by 3,062
Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects
Grime, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x · Cited by 3,019
Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef
Hughes, T. P. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.265.5178.1547 · Cited by 2,915
Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity
Carpenter, S. R., Kitchell, J. F., & Hodgson, J. R. (1985) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1309989 · Cited by 2,646
The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants
Elton, C. C. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5851-7 · Cited by 2,468
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917 · Cited by 2,467
Diversity and Productivity in a Long-Term Grassland Experiment
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Mielke, T., & Lehman, C. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060391 · Cited by 2,373
Biodiversity and stability in grasslands
Tilman, D. G., & Downing, J. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/367363a0 · Cited by 2,298
THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY: A SEARCH FOR GENERAL PRINCIPLES 101
Tilman, D. G. (1999) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1455:tecoci]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,238
The future of biodiversity
Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., & Brooks, T. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347 · Cited by 2,230
Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of Community Stability
MacArthur, R. H. (1955) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1929601 · Cited by 2,199
Food Web Complexity and Community Dynamics
Polis, G. A., & Strong, D. R. (1996) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285880 · Cited by 2,126
Plant diversity and productivity experiments in european grasslands
Hector, A., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., Caldeira, M. C., Diemer, M., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Finn, J. A., Freitas, H., Giller, P. S., Good, J., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1123 · Cited by 2,125
Challenges in the Quest for Keystones
Power, M. E., Tilman, D., Estes, J. A., Menge, B. A., Bond, W. J., Mills, L. S., Daily, G., Castilla, J. C., Lubchenco, J., & Paine, R. T. (1996) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1312990 · Cited by 2,018
Food Webs: Linkage, Interaction Strength and Community Infrastructure
Paine, R. T. (1980) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4220 · Cited by 1,824
Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas
Woodroffe, R., & Ginsberg, J. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5372.2126 · Cited by 1,818
Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems
Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/368734a0 · Cited by 1,786
Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity
Huston, M. A. (1997) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050180 · Cited by 1,777
Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-0294 · Cited by 1,771
Predicting extinction risk in declining species
Purvis, A., Gittleman, J. L., Cowlishaw, G., & Mace, G. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1234 · Cited by 1,768
Playing Chutes and Ladders: Heterogeneity and the Relative Roles of Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Forces in Natural Communities
Hunter, M., & Price, P. (1992) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1940152 · Cited by 1,737
Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system
Crooks, K. R., & Soulé, M. E. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23028 · Cited by 1,721
Ecological Meltdown in Predator-Free Forest Fragments
Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nuñez, P., Rao, M., Shahabuddin, G., Orihuela, G., Riveros, M., Ascanio, R., Adler, G. H., Lambert, T. D., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064397 · Cited by 1,656
Community Regulation: Variation in Disturbance, Competition, and Predation in Relation to Environmental Stress and Recruitment
Menge, B. A., & Sutherland, J. P. (1987) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284741 · Cited by 1,566
Marine community ecology
Bertness, M. D., Gaines, S. D., & Hay, M. E. (2001) · Cited by 1,507
Biodiversity and Stability in Grasslands
Tilman, D. G., & Downing, J. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4018-1_1 · Cited by 1,495
Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations
Tilman, D. G., Lehman, C. L., & Thomson, K. T. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1857 · Cited by 1,491
Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems
Pace, M. L., Cole, J. J., Carpenter, S. R., & Kitchell, J. F. (1999) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01723-1 · Cited by 1,478
Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability.
Naeem, S., & Li, S. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/37348 · Cited by 1,438
The Effects of Plant Composition and Diversity on Ecosystem Processes
Hooper, D. U., & Vitousek, P. M. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1302 · Cited by 1,380
Ecology of a Grazing Ecosystem: The Serengeti
McNaughton, S. J. (1985) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1942578 · Cited by 1,367 · cited 5×
“3b, c) as more diverse plots contained species resistant to grazing (McNaughton 1985).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey.
Sih, A., Englund, G., & Wooster, D. (1998) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01437-2 · Cited by 1,362
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Schulze, E., & Mooney, H. A. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7 · Cited by 1,339
Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems
Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M., & Doak, D. F. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.473 · Cited by 1,263
Predation, Competition, and Prey Communities: A Review of Field Experiments
Sih, A., Crowley, P. H., McPeek, M. A., Petranka, J. W., & Strohmeier, K. L. (1985) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001413 · Cited by 1,232
THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIRECT EFFECTS IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Wootton, J. T. (1994) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002303 · Cited by 1,192
Sea Otters: Their Role in Structuring Nearshore Communities
Estes, J. A., & Palmisano, J. F. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4156.1058 · Cited by 1,187
THE UPLIFT OF SOIL NUTRIENTS BY PLANTS: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES ACROSS SCALES
Jobbagy, E. G., & Jackson, R. B. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0245 · Cited by 1,140
Biotic Control over the Functioning of Ecosystems
Chapin, F. S., Walker, B., Hobbs, R. J., Hooper, D. U., Lawton, J. H., Sala, O. E., & Tilman, D. G. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.500 · Cited by 1,132
Species Diversity Gradients: Synthesis of the Roles of Predation, Competition, and Temporal Heterogeneity
Menge, B. A., & Sutherland, J. P. (1976) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283073 · Cited by 1,127
ARE TROPHIC CASCADES ALL WET? DIFFERENTIATION AND DONOR-CONTROL IN SPECIOSE ECOSYSTEMS'
Strong, D. (1992) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1940154 · Cited by 1,058
Biological diversity: The coexistence of species on changing landscapes
Karr, J. R. (1995) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90033-0 · Cited by 1,049
Complex Trophic Interactions in Deserts: An Empirical Critique of Food-Web Theory
Polis, G. A. (1991) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285208 · Cited by 1,041 · cited 1×
“Much of my consideration of consumer-prey interactions presupposes that trophic levels are sufficiently real to be useful constructs, which is not universally accepted (Polis 1991, Polis and Strong 1996, Persson 1999).”
Background
Trophic Cascades in Terrestrial Systems: A Review of the Effects of Carnivore Removals on Plants
Schmitz, O. J., Hambäck, P. A., & Beckerman, A. P. (2000) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303311 · Cited by 981
Intraguild predation: The dynamics of complex trophic interactions.
Polis, G., & Holt, R. (1992) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(92)90208-s · Cited by 965
The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems
Botsford, L. W., Castilla, J. C., & Peterson, C. H. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.509 · Cited by 948
The invasive potential of Australian banksias in South African fynbos: A comparison of the reproductive potential ofBanksia ericifoliaandLeucadendron laureolum
Honig, M. A., Cowling, R. M., & Richardson, D. M. (1992) · Australian Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00812.x · Cited by 939
The Statistical Inevitability of Stability‐Diversity Relationships in Community Ecology
Doak, D. F., Bigger, D. S., Harding, E. K., Marvier, M., O'Malley, R. E., & Thomson, D. (1998) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/286117 · Cited by 917
Regulation of Lake Primary Productivity by Food Web Structure
Carpenter, S. R., Kitchell, J. F., Hodgson, J. R., Cochran, P. A., Elser, J. J., Elser, M., Lodge, D. M., Kretchmer, D. W., He, X., & von Ende, C. N. (1987) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1939878 · Cited by 900
Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity
Knops, J. M. H., Tilman, D. G., Haddad, N. M., Naeem, S., Mitchell, C. E., Haarstad, J., Ritchie, M. E., Howe, K. M., Reich, P. B., Siemann, E., et al. (1999) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00083.x · Cited by 889
The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey
Hansen, B. W., Bjørnsen, P. K., & Hansen, P. J. (1994) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0395 · Cited by 839
Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function
Petchey, O. L., McPhearson, P. T., Casey, T. M., & Morin, P. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/47023 · Cited by 825
Body Sizes of Animal Predators and Animal Prey in Food Webs
Cohen, J. E., Pimm, S. L., Yodzis, P., & Saldaña, J. (1993) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5483 · Cited by 808
10.1016/s0967-0653(98)81767-5
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s0967-0653(98)81767-5 · Cited by 802
Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics.
Lodge, D. M., Polis, G. A., & Winemiller, K. O. (1997) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/2266040 · Cited by 798
Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in Alaska: Generality and Variation in a Community Ecological Paradigm
Estes, J. A., & Duggins, D. O. (1995) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/2937159 · Cited by 798
Herbivores And The Dynamics Of Communities And Ecosystems
Huntly, N. J. (1991) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.002401 · Cited by 789
Indirect Effects in Marine Rocky Intertidal Interaction Webs: Patterns and Importance
Menge, B. A. (1995) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/2937158 · Cited by 756
MARINE PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS: The Ecology of Chemical Defense
Hay, M. E., & Fenical, W. (1988) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000551 · Cited by 754
Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology
Schwartz, M. W., Brigham, C. A., Hoeksema, J. D., Lyons, K. G., Mills, M. H., & van Mantgem, P. J. (2000) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050035 · Cited by 743
Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength
Paine, R. T. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355073a0 · Cited by 735
The Keystone Species Concept: Variation in Interaction Strength in a Rocky Intertidal Habitat
Menge, B. A., Berlow, E. L., Blanchette, C. A., Navarrete, S. A., & Yamada, S. B. (1994) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/2937163 · Cited by 732
Effects of Fish in River Food Webs
Power, M. E. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.250.4982.811 · Cited by 722
Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability
McGrady-Steed, J., Harris, P. M., & Morin, P. J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36561 · Cited by 720
Magnification of Secondary Production by Kelp Detritus in Coastal Marine Ecosystems
Duggins, D. O., Simenstad, C., & Estes, J. A. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.245.4914.170 · Cited by 709
A Unified Approach to Marine Plant-Herbivore Interactions. I. Populations and Communities
Lubchenco, J., & Gaines, S. D. (1981) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.002201 · Cited by 640
Experimental Tests of the Dependence of Arthropod Diversity on Plant Diversity
Siemann, E., Tilman, D. G., Haarstad, J., & Ritchie, M. E. (1998) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/286204 · Cited by 624
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A mechanistic model
Loreau, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5632 · Cited by 599
A Graphical Model of Keystone Predators in Food Webs: Trophic Regulation of Abundance, Incidence, and Diversity Patterns in Communities
Leibold, M. A. (1996) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285879 · Cited by 595
Diversity‐Stability Relationships: Statistical Inevitability or Ecological Consequence?
Tilman, D., Lehman, C. L., & Bristow, C. E. (1998) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/286118 · Cited by 592
Resource Edibility and the Effects of Predators and Productivity on the Outcome of Trophic Interactions
Leibold, M. A. (1989) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285022 · Cited by 587
The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity
(2013) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400847303 · Cited by 545
A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction
Alroy, J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059342 · Cited by 537
SLIDING BASELINES, GHOSTS, AND REDUCED EXPECTATIONS IN KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES
Dayton, P. K., Tegner, M. J., Edwards, P. B., & Riser, K. L. (1998) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309:sbgare]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 537
When is a trophic cascade a trophic cascade?
Polis, G. A., Sears, A. L. W., Huxel, G. R., Strong, D. R., & Maron, J. L. (2000) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01971-6 · Cited by 533
Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management
Pinnegar, J. K., Polunin, N. V. C., Francour, P., Badalamenti, F., Chemello, R., Harmelin‐Vivien, M., Hereu, B., Milazzo, M., Zabala, M., D’Anna, G., et al. (2000) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892900000205 · Cited by 526
Microtus Population Biology: Demographic Changes in Fluctuating Populations of M. Ochrogaster and M. Pennsylvanicus in Southern Indiana
Krebs, C. J., Keller, B. L., & Tamarin, R. H. (1969) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936248 · Cited by 525
Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems
Cottingham, K. L., Brown, B. L., & Lennon, J. T. (2001) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00189.x · Cited by 493
Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities
Berlow, E. L. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/18672 · Cited by 486
The Theory of Diversity-Stability Relationships in Ecology
Goodman, D. (1975) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/408563 · Cited by 470
Herbivores: Between Plants and Predators
Hester, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00459-6.x · Cited by 458
Large Mammals and Process Dynamics in African Ecosystems
McNaughton, S. J., Ruess, R. W., & Seagle, S. W. (1988) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1310789 · Cited by 457
Weak cross‐species relationships between body size and trophic level belie powerful size‐based trophic structuring in fish communities
Jennings, S., Pinnegar, J. K., Polunin, N. V. C., & Boon, T. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00552.x · Cited by 448
Which traits of species predict population declines in experimental forest fragments?
Davies, K. F., Margules, C. R., & Lawrence, J. F. (2000) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1450:wtospp]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 444
STRONG IMPACTS OF GRAZING AMPHIPODS ON THE ORGANIZATION OF A BENTHIC COMMUNITY
Duffy, J. E., & Hay, M. (2000) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0237:siogao]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 434
Self-citation
Physical stress and diversity-productivity relationships: The role of positive interactions
Mulder, C. P. H., Uliassi, D. D., & Doak, D. F. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111055298 · Cited by 427
Patterns of Fish and Urchin Grazing on Caribbean Coral Reefs: Are Previous Results Typical?
Hay, M. E. (1984) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941407 · Cited by 410
Habitat modification and facilitation in benthic marine communities
Bruno, J. F. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 399
Complex Species Interactions and the Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments
Brown, J. H., Whitham, T. G., Ernest, S. K. M., & Gehring, C. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.293.5530.643 · Cited by 393
Eruption of Ungulate Populations, with Emphasis on Himalayan Thar in New Zealand
Caughley, G. (1970) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1933599 · Cited by 389
Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-2087 · Cited by 386
Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems
Naeem, S., Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1995) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0025 · Cited by 384
Terrestrial Trophic Cascades: How Much Do They Trickle?
Halaj, J., & Wise, D. (2001) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/319190 · Cited by 380
M. A. Huston, Biological Diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36930-4 (pbk). 681 + xix. pages. £24.95.
Newbery, D. M. (1995) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467400009135 · Cited by 380
Is "Sampling Effect" a Problem for Experiments Investigating Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function Relationships?
Wardle, D. A. (1999) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546757 · Cited by 368
The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where, and why?
Fridley, J. D. (2001) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930318.x · Cited by 366
Species Turnover and the Regulation of Trophic Structure
Leibold, M. A., Chase, J. M., Shurin, J. B., & Downing, A. L. (1997) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.467 · Cited by 364
Numerical responses of different trophic groups of invertebrates to manipulations of plant diversity in grasslands
Koricheva, J., Mulder, C. P. H., Schmid, B., Joshi, J., & Huss‐Danell, K. (2000) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420000450 · Cited by 361
A meta-analysis of the freshwater trophic cascade.
Brett, M., & Goldman, C. R. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7723 · Cited by 338
Mass mortality ofDiadema antillarum
Carpenter, R. C. (1990) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/bf01313159 · Cited by 322
ESTIMATES AND TESTS OF PER CAPITA INTERACTION STRENGTH: DIET, ABUNDANCE, AND IMPACT OF INTERTIDALLY FORAGING BIRDS
Wootton, J. T. (1997) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0045:eatopc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 317
Eutrophication, Fisheries, and Consumer-Resource Dynamics in Marine Pelagic Ecosystems.
Micheli, F. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5432.1396 · Cited by 307
ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY: A CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES AND EXPLORATION OF EMPIRICAL RESULTS
Schläpfer, F., & Schmid, B. (1999) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0893:eeobac]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 299
QUANTIFYING VARIATION IN THE STRENGTHS OF SPECIES INTERACTIONS
Berlow, E. L., Navarrete, S. A., Briggs, C. J., Power, M. E., & Menge, B. A. (1999) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2206:qvitso]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 289
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO MEASURING INTERACTION STRENGTH
Laska, M. S., & Wootton, J. T. (1998) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0461:tcaeat]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 289
Scale and Structure in Natural Food Webs
Havens, K. E. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1107 · Cited by 281
GRAZER DIVERSITY, FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY, AND PRODUCTIVITY IN SEAGRASS BEDS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST
Duffy, J. E., Macdonald, K. S., Rhode, J. M., & Parker, J. D. (2001) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2417:gdfrap]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 277
Self-citation
Ecosystem process rate increases with animal species richness: evidence from leaf‐eating, aquatic insects
Jonsson, M., & Malmqvist, B. (2000) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890311.x · Cited by 276
Herbivores Between Plants and Predators
Olff, H., Brown, V. K., & Drent, R. H. (1999) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 271
Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs
Downing, A. L., & Leibold, M. A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416837a · Cited by 257
Estimates and Tests of Per Capita Interaction Strength: Diet, Abundance, and Impact of Intertidally Foraging Birds
Wootton, J. T. (1997) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/2963504 · Cited by 255
Trophic cascades : abiding heterogeneity and the trophic level concept at the end of the road
Persson, L. (1999) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546688 · Cited by 253
Insects affect relationships between plant species richness and ecosystem processes
Mülder, Koricheva, J., Huss‐Danell, Högberg, P., & Joshi, J. (1999) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00070.x · Cited by 244
Measuring Past Biodiversity
Jackson, J. B. C., & Johnson, K. G. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063789 · Cited by 239
Species Compensation and Complementarity in Ecosystem Function
Frost, T. M., Carpenter, S. R., Ives, A. R., & Kratz, T. K. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1773-3_22 · Cited by 237
Biological Diversity and Terrestrial Ecosystem Biogeochemistry
Vitousek, P. M., & Hooper, D. U. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7_1 · Cited by 228
Trophic Control of Production in a Rocky Intertidal Community
Paine, R. T. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1069811 · Cited by 227
Food Webs: Theory and Reality
Hall, S. J., & Raffaelli, D. (1993) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60043-4 · Cited by 221
BIODIVERSITY, DENSITY COMPENSATION, AND THE DYNAMICS OF POPULATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
McGrady‐Steed, J., & Morin, P. J. (2000) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0361:bdcatd]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 209
The Dual Nature of Community Variability
Micheli, F., Cottingham, K. L., Bascompte, J., Bjørnstad, O. N., Eckert, G. L., Fischer, J. M., Keitt, T. H., Kendall, B. E., Klug, J. L., & Rusak, J. A. (1999) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546802 · Cited by 195
Is the Biological Control of Insects a Natural Phenomenon?
Hawkins, B. A., Mills, N. J., Jervis, M. A., & Price, P. W. (1999) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546654 · Cited by 190
Predictable spatial escapes from herbivory: how do these affect the evolution of herbivore resistance in tropical marine communities?
Hay, M. E. (1984) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00379139 · Cited by 190
Populations and Communities
Powell, W., Walton, M. P., & Jervis, M. A. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0013-7_4 · Cited by 186
Are there real differences among aquatic and terrestrial food webs?
Chase, J. M. (2000) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01942-x · Cited by 184
Relating Species Diversity to Ecosystem Functioning: Mechanistic Backgrounds and Experimental Approach with a Decomposer Food Web
Mikola, J., Setälä, H. M., & Setälä, H. M. (1998) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3546560 · Cited by 182
Scaling from Species to Vegetation: The Usefulness of Functional Groups
Körner, C. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58001-7_6 · Cited by 181
Community-wide distribution of predator–prey interaction strength in kelp forests
Sala, E., & Graham, M. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052028499 · Cited by 179
Complementary impact of copepods and cladocerans on phytoplankton
Sommer, U. J., Sommer, F. O., Santer, B., Jamieson, C. D., Boersma, M., Becker, C., & Hansen, T. (2001) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00263.x · Cited by 176
The coexistence of species on changing landscapes
Huston, A. M. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 172
Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities
Sankaran, M., & McNaughton, S. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44368 · Cited by 170
Relative consumer sizes and the strengths of direct and indirect interactions in omnivorous feeding relationships
Diehl, S. (1993) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545321 · Cited by 169
Biodiversity and ecosystem function
Huenneke, L. F. (1994) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90283-6 · Cited by 159
Effects of herbivore exclusion and nutrient enrichment on coral reef macroalgae and cyanobacteria
THACKER, R. W., Ginsburg, D. W., & Paul, V. J. (2001) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s003380000122 · Cited by 158
Studying insect diversity in the tropics
Godfray, H. C. J., Lewis, O. T., & Memmott, J. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0523 · Cited by 153
THE EFFECTS OF PREY HETEROGENEITY AND CONSUMER IDENTITY ON THE LIMITATION OF TROPHIC-LEVEL BIOMASS
Steiner, C. F. (2001) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2495:teopha]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 143
An experimental test of the effect of plant functional group diversity on arthropod diversity
Symstad, A. J., Siemann, E., & Haarstad, J. (2000) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890204.x · Cited by 143
Experimental separation of effects of consumers on sessile prey in the low zone of a rocky shore in the Bay of Panama: direct and indirect consequences of food web complexity
Menge, B. A., Lubchenco, J., Ashkenas, L. R., & Ramsey, F. L. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90164-4 · Cited by 143
Resource-niche complementarity and autotrophic compensation determines ecosystem-level responses to increased cladoceran species richness
Norberg, J. (2000) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/pl00008855 · Cited by 136
Functional implications of trait–environment linkages in plant communities
Díaz, S. M., Cabido, M., & Casanoves, F. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542237.013 · Cited by 127
What Are the Effects of Predators on Large Ungulate Populations?
Skogland, T. (1991) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545248 · Cited by 123
Trophic relations in the subarctic North Pacific ecosystem:possible feeding effect from pink salmon
Shiomoto, A., Tadokoro, K., Nagasawa, K., & Ishida, Y. (1997) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps150075 · Cited by 120
Assessing the Relative Importance of Trophic Links in Food Webs
Raffaelli, D. G., & Hall, S. J. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7007-3_18 · Cited by 109
Algal defense, grazers, and their interactions in aquatic trophic cascades
Agrawal, A. A. (1998) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/s1146-609x(98)80037-4 · Cited by 106
CONSUMER SPECIES RICHNESS AND AUTOTROPHIC BIOMASS
Naeem, S., & Li, S. (1998) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2603:csraab]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 104
Marine-terrestrial contrasts in the ecology of plant chemical defenses against herbivores
Hay, M. E. (1991) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90227-o · Cited by 90
Stability in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa
Prins, H. H. T., & Douglas‐Hamilton, I. (1990) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00317566 · Cited by 90
Parasitoid-Host Food Webs and Donor Control
Hawkins, B. A. (1992) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544898 · Cited by 86
Trophic cascades and trophic trickles in pelagic food webs
McCann, K. S., Hastings, A. M., & Strong, D. R. (1998) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0283 · Cited by 84
Herbivore diversity and plant dynamics: compensatory and additive effects
Ritchie, M. E., & Olff, H. (1999) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 84
Glassy Microspherules (Microtektites) from an Upper Devonian Limestone
Wang, K. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.256.5063.1547 · Cited by 82
Linearity in the aggregate effects of multiple predators in a food web
Schmitz, O. J., & Sokol‐Hessner, L. (2002) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00311.x · Cited by 79
TESTS OF FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE: COMPLEMENTARY ROLES OF SALAMANDERS AND FISH IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
Kurzava, L. M., & Morin, P. J. (1998) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0477:tofecr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 69
Consumer vs environmental productivity control of bacterial diversity and bacteria‐mediated organic matter decomposition
Jiang, L., & Krumins, J. A. (2006) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14961.x · Cited by 67
Effects of Food Web Compensation After Manipulation of Rainbow Trout in an Oligotrophic Lake
Elser, J., Luecke, C., Brett, M., & Goldman, C. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1940631 · Cited by 63
Top-Level Carnivores and Ecosystem Effects: Questions and Approaches
Estes, J. A. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1773-3_15 · Cited by 37
Top-down and bottom-up regulation of phytoplankton assemblages in tidepools
Metaxas, A., & Scheibling, R. (1996) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps145161 · Cited by 31
How Important Are Consumer Species to Ecosystem Functioning?
Huntly, N. J. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1773-3_8 · Cited by 27
The Parasitism of Neocosmospora —Inference Versus Fact
Smith, E. F. (1907) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.26.663.347 · Cited by 4
WOLF–BISON INTERACTIONS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Smith, D. W., Mech, L. D., Meagher, M., Clark, W. E., Jaffe, R., Phillips, M. K., & Mack, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Duffy J. E., 2001, Marine community ecology, 131
Elton C., 1927, Animal ecology
Kinzig A. P., 2002, The functional consequences of biodiversity. Empirical progress and theoretical expectations
Naeem S., 2002, The functional consequences of biodiversity. Empirical progress and theoretical expectations, 96
Odum E. P., 1971, Fundamentals of ecology
Raffaelli D. G., 1995, Foodwebs: integration of patterns and dynamics, 185
Terborgh J., 1999, Continental conservation

Sorted by citations

Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711 · Cited by 3,847
“Loss of a major functional group, such as apex predators, other consumers, or benthic filter-feeders, may, as previously discussed, cause drastic alterations in ecosystem functioning (Chapin et al. 1997, Duffy 2002, Jackson et al. 2001).”
Background
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917 · Cited by 2,467
“Consistent with these theoretical predictions, Duffy (2002) found that experimentally increasing grazer diversity increased grazer biomass but decreased algal biomass.”
Result
CAN STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS PROVIDE FOR COMMUNITY-WIDE MEASURES OF TROPHIC STRUCTURE?
Layman, C. A., Arrington, D. A., Montaña, C. G., & Post, D. M. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[42:csirpf]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,756
Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions
Oliver, T. H., Heard, M. S., Isaac, N. J. B., Roy, D. B., Procter, D. A., Eigenbrod, F., Freckleton, R. P., Hector, A., Orme, C. D. L., Petchey, O. L., et al. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009 · Cited by 1,675
Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean
Myers, R. A., Baum, J. K., Shepherd, T. D., Powers, S. P., & Peterson, C. H. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138657 · Cited by 1,379

See all 653

Authors: Duffy, J. E.
Affiliations: William & Mary (US)
Corresponding author: Duffy, J. Emmett
ORCID: Duffy, J. Emmett
Venue: Oikos
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 99
Issue: 2
Pages: 201-219
ISSN: 0030-1299 (ISSN-L)
1600-0706
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x
OpenAlex: W2115004610
Cited by: 653
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 16.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 40 d)
Locations: Oikos (publishedVersion)
W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9521184, 0096226)
Strong
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Keywords: biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, animal biodiversity, top-down control, trophic cascades, predator-prey interactions, species extinction, interaction strength, community disassembly, biodiversity loss, functional traits

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks