Visual lexical access is initially phonological: 2. Evidence from phonological priming by homophones and pseudohomophones.

Abstract

Seven experiments were conducted that examined phonological and orthographic priming of naming using three- and four-field masking procedures with prolonged targets. Experiments 1-3 found significant phonological priming by homophones (TOWED-toad) that was independent of prime identifiability and prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; 30, 60, or 250 ms). Subsequent experiments found significant phonological priming by pseudohomophones (TODE-toad) that was similarly independent of prime identifiability and SOA. Collectively, the limited effects of orthographic control primes (TOLD-toad, TODS-toad) and the pronounced and orthographically independent effects of phonological primes suggest (a) a leading role in visual word perception for a fast-acting, automatic, assembled phonology, and (b) a phonological basis, rather than an abstract graphemic basis, for the processing equivalency of letter variations.

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   Grainger, Jonathan, Holcomb, Phillip J. · 2009 · Language and Linguistics Compass
4. Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming
   Bowers, Jeffrey S., Vigliocco, Gabriella, Haan, Richard · 1998 · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
5. Visual and Phonological Codes in Letter and Word Recognition: Evidence from Incremental Priming
   Ziegler, Johannes C., Ferrand, Ludovic, Jacobs, Arthur M., Rey, Arnaud, Grainger, Jonathan · 2000 · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A

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