A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading
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Pseudo-homophones are harder to reject as non-words in lexical decision, generate more semantic categorization errors, and are more effective primes than matched orthographic controls.
“These stimuli are harder to reject as non-words in a lexical decision task (e.g., Goswami et al., 2001; Ziegler et al., 2001), generate more semantic categorization errors (e.g., Van Orden, 1987), and are more effective primes compared with carefully matched orthographic controls”
From A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing (2011) · cites this paper as Van Orden, 1987
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Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning.
Orden, G. C. V., Johnston, J. C., & Hale, B. L. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.371 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.
Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Blackwell, K. C., & Smith, D. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.179 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Does reading develop in a sequence of stages?
Stuart, M., & Coltheart, M. (1988) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90038-8 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Wang, M., Koda, K., & Perfetti, C. A. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00232-9 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Becoming literate in different languages: similar problems, different solutions
Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00509.x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
How cross-language similarity and task demands affect cognate recognition
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, R. (2010) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.12.003 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Neural systems of second language reading are shaped by native language
Tan, L., Spinks, J., Feng, C.-M., Siok, W., Perfetti, C., Xiong, J., Fox, P., & Gao, J.-H. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10089 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Plaut, D. C., & Booth, J. R. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.4.786 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Duyck, W., Assche, E. V., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.663 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“To assess this interaction in a more sensitive fashion using a continuous measure of cross-lingual similarity, we calculated the correlation between Van Orden’s (1987) orthographic similarity of translation equivalents (described above) and the size of the cognate effect by items.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopmental Dyslexia: An Update on Genes, Brains, and Environments
Grigorenko, E. L. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00704 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Perfetti, C. A., & Bell, L. (1991) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90017-e · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Sunderman, G. L., & Kroll, J. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106060177 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Automatic (prelexical) phonetic activation in silent word reading: Evidence from backward masking
Perfetti, C. A., Bell, L. C., & Delaney, S. M. (1988) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(88)90048-4 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Two decades of structure building
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1997) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539709544994 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“For instance, reading the letter string rows can activate the phonological sequence fro::/, which can activate the word rose (van Orden, 1987; van Orden, Johnston & Hale, 1988).”
BackgroundFunctional Anatomy of Intra- and Cross-Modal Lexical Tasks
Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. B., & Mesulam, M. M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1081 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction
Grainger, J. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960701578013 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Perfetti, C. A., & Tan, L. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.1.101 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“Indeed, it is possible that in alphabetic systems, a phonological word form may be available before the complete specification of a graphemic representation (Lukatela & Turvey, 1994; van Orden, 1987 ).”
BackgroundSo Much to Read, So Little Time
Rayner, K., Schotter, E. R., Masson, M. E. J., Potter, M. C., & Rebecca Treiman, A. (2016) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100615623267 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Effects of frequency on visual word recognition tasks: Where are they?
Monsell, S., Doyle, M. C., & Haggard, P. N. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.118.1.43 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
McClelland, J. L., & Chappell, M. C. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.4.734-760 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
A rose is a REEZ: The two-cycles model of phonology assembly in reading English.
Berent, I., & Perfetti, C. A. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.146 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words.
Orden, G. C. V., & Goldinger, S. D. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1269 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Monitoring the Time Course of Phonological Encoding
Wheeldon, L. R., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1995) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1995.1014 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Chapter 13 Reading in English and Chinese: Evidence for a “Universal” Phonological Principle
Perfetti, C. A., Zhang, S., & Berent, I. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62798-3 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Sprenger-Charolles, L., Siegel, L. S., Béchennec, D., & Serniclaes, W. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00024-9 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence from Masked Non-Word Priming
Ferrand, L., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724989208250619 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading.
Perfetti, C. A., & Zhang, S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.24 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Novel second-language words and asymmetric lexical access
Escudero, P., Hayes‐Harb, R., & Holger Mitterer, A. (2008) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.002 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children's word decoding skills
Talcott, J. B., Witton, C., McLean, M. F., Hansen, P., Rees, A., Green, G. G. R., & Stein, J. F. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.040546597 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.123.4.331 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The Role of Orthographic Processing Skills on Five Different Reading Tasks
Barker, T. A., Torgesen, J. K., & Wagner, R. K. (1992) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747673 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy.
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Schriefers, H. J., Baayen, R. H., Jonathan Grainger, B., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.1.12 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Reading words in Spanish and English: Mapping orthography to phonology in two languages
Schwartz, A., Kroll, J. F., & Diaz, M. T. (2006) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960500463920 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Masked phonological priming effects in English: Are they real? Do they matter?
Rastle, K., & Brysbaert, M. (2006) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.01.002 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“The major alternative to weak phonological theories of visual word recognition is offered by the group of ''strong phonological'' theorists (e.g., Drieghe & Brysbaert, 2002; Frost, 1998; Lukatela & Turvey, 1994a, 1994b; Van Orden, 1987).”
InfluentialSpelling-Sound Consistency and Regularity Effects in Word Naming
Jared, D. (2002) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2827 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Identical Words are Read Differently in Different Languages
Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., Jacobs, A. M., & Braun, M. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00370 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Does Bilingualism Change Native-Language Reading?
Assche, E. V., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02389.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Domahs, F., Moeller, K., Huber, S., et al. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.007 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Less Skilled Readers Have Less Efficient Suppression Mechanisms
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00567.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Foreign Subtitles Help but Native-Language Subtitles Harm Foreign Speech Perception
Holger Mitterer, A., & McQueen, J. M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007785 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Why was this the case? Phonological knowledge is automatically retrieved during print exposure [27], so the Dutch subtitles provided phonological information that was inconsistent with the spoken English word forms.”
BackgroundHu, W., Lee, H. L., Zhang, Q., Liu, T., Geng, L., Seghier, M. L., Shakeshaft, C., Twomey, T., Green, D. W., Yang, Y., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq106 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Prior investigation has shown that this task involves orthographic, semantic and phonological processing in both English (Van Orden, 1987) and Chinese (Tan and Perfetti, 1999; Perfetti et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSimos, P. G. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.8.809 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Although phonological analysis is by definition required for reading aloud and for performing phonological similarity judgements on pseudowords (such as DOFE and HOAF), it is also believed to be critically involved in silent reading of real words by skilled readers (Seidenberg and McClelland, 1989; Seidenberg et al.,…”
BackgroundThe Role of Phonological Processing in Early Reading Ability: What We Can Learn From Chinese
Hu, C., & Catts, H. W. (1998) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0201_3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
What do double dissociations prove?
Orden, G. C. V., Pennington, B. F., & Stone, G. O. (2001) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(00)00036-7 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“The data come from Van Orden et al. (1997b) and Pennington, Van Orden, Smith, Green, and Haith (1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialPhonological processes in reading Chinese characters.
Perfetti, C. A., & Zhang, S. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.4.633 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading
Assche, E. V., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.08.006 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00152-2 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“This distinction between f and lc is consistent with several two-stage models of lexical access (e.g. Paap, Newsome, McDonald & Schvaneveldt, 1982; Van Orden, 1987), and it allows the model to decouple the signal to program a saccade from the signal to shift attention.”
MethodResultVisual word recognition in bilinguals: Evidence from masked phonological priming.
Brysbaert, M., Dyck, G. V., & de Poel, M. V. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.25.1.137 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Xu, B. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.267 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Leinonen, S., Müller, K., Leppänen, P. H. T., Aro, M. T., Ahonen, T. P. S., & Lyytinen, H. (2001) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1011117620895 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“However, the normative sample read 27% of the pseudowords correctly, consequently tachistoscopic presentation and masking were not entirely successful in eliminating phonological processing which might have occurred at a rapid and highly automatized level (cf. Perfetti & Bell 1991; Van Orden 1987 ).”
BackgroundDoes word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning?
Jared, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.4.358 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Claims by Van Orden and his colleagues (Van Orden, 1987; Van Orden et al., 1988, 1990) about the broad use of phonology to activate meaning are open to question.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGenes, Environment, and the Development of Orthographic Skills
Olson, R. K., Forsberg, H., & Wise, B. W. (1994) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3492-9_2 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Orthography to Phonology and Meaning: Comparisons Across and within Writing Systems
Perfetti, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2005) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-004-2344-y · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Strategic control of processing in word recognition.
Stone, G. O., & Orden, G. C. V. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.19.4.744 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Orthographic processing: A ‘mid-level’ vision of reading: The 44th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture
Jonathan Grainger, B. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2017.1314515 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Prelexical and postlexical strategies in reading: Evidence from a deep and a shallow orthography.
Frost, R. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.20.1.116 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
From objects to names: A cognitive neuroscience approach
Humphreys, G. W., Price, C. J., & Riddoch, M. J. (1999) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s004260050046 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Word naming can operate non-semantically ( Van Orden, 1987 ) whilst object categorization demands access to semantic information but not to the names of objects (Potter & Faulconer, 1975).”
BackgroundPollatsek, A., Rebecca Treiman, A., Yap, M. J.-M., & Balota, D. A. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.4 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese.
Zhou, X., & Marslen‐Wilson, W. D. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.5.1245 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Distributions of cognates in Europe as based on Levenshtein distance*
Schepens, J., Dijkstra, T., & Grootjen, F. (2011) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728910000623 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The stimulus materials used in psycholinguistic studies are usually collected manually from databases and then rated with respect to orthographic, semantic, and phonological properties before the experiment takes place by bilinguals from the population that is later tested (Caramazza & Brones, 1979; Dijkstra et al., 1…”
InfluentialGoswami, U., Ziegler, J. C., Dalton, L. J., & Schneider, W. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2790 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“That is, if phonology is a primary constraint during silent reading (e.g., Lukatela & Turvey, 1994; Peter & Turvey, 1994; Rayner, Sereno, Lesch, & Pollatsek, 1995; Van Orden, 1987; 1991; Ziegler & Jacobs, 1995), then it should be harder to reject PsHs like BRANE than controls like BRATE.”
BackgroundEvidence for multiple routes in learning to read
Jonathan Grainger, B., Lété, B., Bertand, D., Dufau, S., & Ziegler, J. C. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.01.003 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Perfetti, C. A., & Hart, L. A. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1231 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Pan, J., Song, S., Su, M., McBride, C. A., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Hua Shu, A. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12356 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Uno, A., Wydell, T. N., Haruhara, N., Kaneko, M., & Shinya, N. (2008) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-008-9128-8 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Visual word recognition in bilinguals: phonological priming from the second to the first language.
van Wijnendaele, I., & Brysbaert, M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.3.616 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lextale_FR A Fast, Free, and Efficient Test to Measure Language Proficiency in French
Brysbaert, M. (2013) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-53-1-23 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition.
Lesch, M. F., & Pollatsek, A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.19.2.285 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Orthographic and phonological processing of Chinese characters: an fMRI study
Kuo, W., Yeh, T., Lee, J.-R., Chen, L., Lee, P., Chen, S.-S., Ho, L., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hsieh, J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.007 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Beyond perception: synaesthesia as a psycholinguistic phenomenon
Simner, J. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Eye-fixation behavior, lexical storage, and visual word recognition in a split processing model.
Shillcock, R. C., Ellison, T. M., & Padraic Monaghan, B. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.4.824 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Hino, Y., Lupker, S. J., & Pexman, P. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.4.686 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…activation (e.g., Lesch & Pollatsek, 1993; Lukatela, Frost, & Turvey, 1998; Perfetti, Bell, & Delaney, 1988; Taft & Van Graan, 1998; Van Orden, 1987; Van Orden, Johnston, & Hale, 1988; Van Orden et al., 1990), the one-to-many feedback relationships for homophones should then create…”
Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Lesch, M. F., & Pollatsek, A. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00300.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: A parafoveal fast-priming study.
Hohenstein, S., Laubrock, J., & Kliegl, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0020233 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J., de Groot, A. D., & van Hell, J. V. (2002) · Behavoir research methods, instruments & computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195472 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Van Orden, G. C. (1987).”
MethodInfluential
- Authors
- van Orden, G. C.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 1987-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 181-198
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W2024245812
- Semantic Scholar
- afe2e2a23551f1d3d150105e4504bdcc9b421051
- Cited by
- 867
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 18.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- homophones, visual word recognition, phonological features, spelling, reading, pattern masking, semantic classification, false positives, word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Female, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Phonetics, Reading, Semantics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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