Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming
Abstract
A series of experiments assessed masked priming for letters and words that are visually similar (SIM) and dissimilar (DIS) in upper- and lowercase formats. For letters, robust DIS priming was obtained in a naming task, but this priming did not extend to a variety of non-naming tasks. For words, robust DIS priming was obtained in both naming and non-naming tasks. SIM letter and word priming extended to all tasks, but the effects were generally small for letters. The restricted set of conditions for DIS letter priming suggests that this priming is mediated by phonological-articulatory processes, and the generality of DIS word priming argues that abstract orthographic codes mediate these effects. Consistent with this conclusion, priming between homophones (for both letters and words) was found in a naming task, but little word homophone priming was obtained in a lexical decision task.
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The case invariance observed in several psychological experiments must arise from specialization resulting from a learning process.
“Rather, the case invariance observed in several psychological experiments (e.g. Besner et al., 1984; Bowers et al., 1998) must arise from specialization resulting from a learning process.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Bowers et al., 1998
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Leboe, J. P., Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Milliken, B. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Using Korean to investigate phonological priming effects without the influence of orthography
Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2002) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960143000281 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Script differences and masked translation priming: Evidence from Hindi-English bilinguals
Dubey, N., Witzel, N., & Witzel, J. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021817743241 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Boudelaa, S., Norris, D., Mahfoudhi, A., & Kinoshita, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000621 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Masked partial priming of letter perception
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Letter identity and visual similarity in the processing of diacritic letters
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Letter order is not coded by open bigrams
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Early access to abstract representations in developing readers: evidence from masked priming
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‘Cost in Transliteration’: The neurocognitive processing of Romanized writing
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The elusive nature of early phonological priming effects: Are there individual differences?
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The modality-specific and -nonspecific components of long-term priming are frequency sensitive
Bowers, J. S. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198556 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcet, A., Ghukasyan, H., Fernández‐López, M., & Perea, M. (2020) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716420000090 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The long learning route to abstract letter units
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Can masked priming effects be obtained with words?
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Phonological-Lexical Feedback during Early Abstract Encoding: The Case of Deaf Readers
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Where is the locus of the lowercase advantage during sentence reading?
Perea, M., Rosa, E., & Marcet, A. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Orthographic and feature-level contributions to letter identification
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The Nature of Abstract Orthographic Codes: Evidence from Masked Priming and Magnetoencephalography
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On the role of the upper part of words in lexical access: Evidence with masked priming
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Does visual letter similarity modulate masked form priming in young readers of Arabic?
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Orthographic and phonological priming effects in the same–different task.
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Experimental Psychology Society
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Shared premotor activity in spoken and written communication
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A masked priming ERP study of letter processing using single letters and false fonts
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Does masked and unmasked priming reflect Bayesian inference as implemented in the Bayesian Reader?
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Self-citationAllograph priming is based on abstract letter identities: Evidence from Japanese kana.
Kinoshita, S., Schubert, T., & Verdonschot, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000563 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Developing Theories of Priming with an Eye on Function
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Self-citationMasked priming is abstract in the left and right visual fields
Bowers, J. S., & Turner, E. L. (2005) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.03.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationLetter-similarity effects in braille word recognition
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Schubert, T., Cohen, T., & Fischer‐Baum, S. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2020.104148 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The differential effects of consonant and vowel diacritics in Arabic
Boudelaa, S., Norris, D. G., & Kinoshita, S. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104533 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evidence for cross-script abstract identities in learners of Japanese kana
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The Neural Bases of Subliminal Priming
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Martin, N., & Davis, C. J. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12362 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Searching beyond the looking glass with sandwich priming
Brossette, B., Massol, S., & Lété, B. (2022) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-021-02405-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Liu, H., Yu, M., & Dang, J. (2019) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2019.102777 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Bowers, J. S., Vigliocco, G., & Haan, R.
- Affiliations
- Rice University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1705-1719
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W2130614000
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- masked priming, word priming, orthographic code, phonological processing, visual similarity, homophones, naming task, lexical decision, visual word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Perceptual Masking, Phonetics, Reaction Time, Vocabulary, Writing
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