The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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“This aligns with the literature, which indicates that metacognition is a key determinant of sustainable learning and professional adaptability, especially in complex and evolving fields (Flavell, 1979; Veenman et al., 2006; Zimmerman, 2002).”
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“Flavell (1979:906) defines metacognition as ‚know ledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena‛, which includes metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.”
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“Metacognition is commonly defined as individuals awareness, monitoring, and regulation of their own cognitive activity, a concept first systematically articulated by Flavell (1979).”
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“De plus, l'introduction de l'auto-évaluation et de la métacognition, telles que théorisées par Flavell (1979), devient indispensable : l’étudiant doit devenir capable de porter un regard réflexif sur ses propres compétences comportementales pour pouvoir les faire évoluer.”
Pello, A. C. S., Budayasa, I. K., & Lukito, A. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0338218
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Bars, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1806297
“Mathematical metacognition refers to the awareness and regulation of cognitive processes in mathematical contexts (Flavell, 1979).”
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“Metacognition involves knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition, including planning, monitoring, and evaluation [9], [73].”
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“Metacognition and self-regulated learning theory (Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, 2004; Zimmerman, 2002) Students’ use of planning, monitoring, regulating, and evaluating strategies during learning.”
Helena, A., Nasution, S. M. R., & Maimunah, M. (2026) · Serambi Madina `Journal Of Islamic Studies · doi:10.56874/sm-jis.v1i1.2923
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“Metacognition (the awareness and control of one’s thinking processes [3]) and self-regulation (the process of exercising control over one’s learning [1]) are strongly linked to students’ ability to persist, adapt, and gain expertise.”
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“For example, “a child’s acquired belief that, unlike many of her friends, she is better at arithmetic than at spelling” [25].”
InfluentialAkhmetshin, E., Pardaev, J., Bobur, M., Kirillova, E., & Kumar, K. V. (2026) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20235-2_49
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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