The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Wei, J., & Nishimoto, K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791355
“Flavell [24] defined metacognition as "cognition about cognition”, emphasizing individuals’ awareness and control abilities over their own cognitive processes.”
Gültepe, N., & Erdem, A. R. (2026) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d5rp00422e
Albashrawi, M. A. (2026) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16779-8_24
Self -Assessment and Reflection on Iraqi EFL University Students Critical Thinking
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Exploring the process of verification behaviour in human–AI interaction context
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Pratt, S. M. (2026) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2026.2655655
“Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as conscious and purposeful cognition about one’s personal thinking processes.”
Audiovisual congruency drives confidence in presence and absencePreprint
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Design Models for AI in Public Health
Wu, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15872-7_3
AI in education: new tools to navigate the AI reality
Gluck, S., & Katz, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1765510
Audiovisual congruency drives confidence in presence and absencePreprint
Porte, P., Mazor, M., Dezier, C., Faivre, N., & Goupil, L. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.110765.1 · Cited by 1
Yamada, K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6584983
AI and Workforce for Public Health
Wu, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15872-7_10
Relevance Structures Are a Necessary Prerequisite for Artificial Metacognition
Berenbeim, A., Kaur, R., Cobb, A. D., Matejek, B., Roy, A., Jha, S., & Bastian, N. D. (2026) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2026.3683332
Metacognitive Artificial Intelligence in Vision Foundation Models: Research Challenges
Rifat, S., Sayyed, S., Bastian, N. D., & Restuccia, F. (2026) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2026.3684015
Leveraging Phenomenon-Based Learning (PhBL) for Teaching AI Skills to Students
Uden, L., & Francis, J. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/407553
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Wang, V. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1133-1.ch001
Hong, J., Hung, W., & Jiang, P.-H. (2026) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-026-10078-7
Vessels semantic segmentation with gradient descent optimization
Setiawan, W., Utoyo, M. I., & Rulaningtyas, R. (2018) · International Journal of Engineering & Technology · doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.18104
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Metateaching as a key Factor for Improving Teaching
Kabat, M. (2026) · Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.13166/jms/217468
Cognitive Sovereignty: The Authorship Problem in AI-Assisted ThoughtPreprint
Konigsberg, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6575778
Chen, P. P., & Bonner, S. M. (2026) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2026.2652845
Tromp, J. G., Makrini, I. E., Trógolo, M., Muñoz, M. A., Sánchez-Barrera, M. B., Pacheco, J., & Castro, C. (2026) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds5020018
Printsipalova, O. (2026) · Вестник Самарского университета. История, педагогика, филология · doi:10.18287/2542-0445-2026-32-1-227-233
Adams, B., Allee, K. A., & Wilson, N. S. (2026) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-026-02202-y
“Becoming a purposeful, strategic, and reflective reader requires more than mastering foundational skills; it calls for an adaptable toolkit that supports engagement, prob - lem-solving, and meaning-making (Cartwright & Duke, 2019 ; Flavell, 1979).”
Xu, F., Guo, Y., Yang, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1774952
“Metacomprehension, the monitoring and regulation of comprehension, derives from metacognitive theory (Flavell, 1979) and has been operationalized as readers’ explicit judgments of their understanding (Brown, 1982; Matlin, 2005).”
Alston-Socha, W. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6622507
Metacognitive monitoring and calibration in the vocal emotion recognition task
Sinvani, R.-T., & Fogel‐Grinvald, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1763494 · Cited by 1
“Metacognitive monitoring (MM), the ongoing evaluation of one’s cognitive processes (Flavel, 1979), is fundamental for guiding learning behaviors (Efklides, 2009).”
COGNITIVE–AFFECTIVE PREDICTORS OF METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS IN MATHEMATICS LEARNING
Tunç, F. T., & Girgin, D. (2026) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/26.84.346
Jia, N. (2025) · doi:10.1145/3797552.3797730
“This cluster integrates pivotal works such as Albert Bandura’s pivotal work on self-efficacy [21], Flavell’s research on metacognition [22], Panadero’s investigations into self-assessment and regulatory processes [23], and Winne’s recursive four-stage model of SRL processes [24].”
Sawadi, N., & Siraji, A. (2026) · Journal of Education and Academic Settings · doi:10.62596/mqgena40
Monahan, R., Williams, A., & Chizzoniti, A. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/407447
AI Dirençli Ölçme Yapay Zeka Çağında Öğrenmeyi, Düşünmeyi ve Özgünlüğü Değerlendirmek
Kangallı, G. (2026) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.4165
Zhong, X., & Luo, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-50353-0
Altamura, L., Stadtler, M., & Salmerón, L. (2026) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-026-09466-0
Gulov, A. P. (2026) · Вестник Тамбовского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки · doi:10.20310/1810-0201-2026-31-2-407-422 · Cited by 1
Akpur, U. (2026) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2026.2661193 · Cited by 1
AI-Assisted Learning and Students’ Cognitive Readiness: Insights from an EMI Business Course
Chroqui, R., & Ouahidi, L. M. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19760-3_28
Özcan, Z. Ç. (2026) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.1806410
Panigrahi, A. R., Pany, S., Mohanty, S. P., Dhillon, S. S., & Singh, M. (2026) · Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.54392/ajir2623
Alkhateeb, N. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09429-3
“…of cognition—since this distinction consistently reflects fundamental variance in adult meta - cognition; however, this two-domain framework should be regarded as an operational measurement model rather than a comprehensive definition of metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Veenman et al., 2006).”
Kumar, N., & Singh, U. (2026) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · doi:10.24193/cbb.2026.30.05
ПИЛИШВИЛИ, Т. С., & А., Ч. Е. (2025) · Higher education today · doi:10.18137/rnu.het.25.06.p.145
Chirinos, J. M., Laurentz, A. L., Alarcón, V., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9528401/v1
Zhao, X. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04595-2
“Flavell’s foundational model distinguishes metacognitive knowledge from metacognitive regulation [13], and Oxford extended this reasoning to language learning by positioning metacognitive strategies as the overarching regulatory layer that orchestrates other strategy categories [14, 15].”
Wang, T., & Qian, X. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106917
Alsultan, A. S. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07330-9
“The present study is grounded in metacognitive theory, which emphasizes learners ’ awareness and regulation of their own cognitive processes during reading (Flavell, 1979).”
Adlakha, V., Arledge, M., McCay, P., Reeves, K., Babatunde, F., & Ewell, S. N. (2026) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.00338-25
“Briefly, metacognition is defined as a learner’s awareness of their own learning and cognitive processes and consists of two components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation (32).”
Metacognitive Factors Influencing Training Retention Among Multidisciplinary Medical Staff
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“1, RCR is anchored in metacognition and self-regulated learning (SRL), emphasizing planning, monitoring, evaluation, and strategic adjustment during performance [16, 17 ].”
The Impact of Multisensory Teaching Methods on Students With Dyslexia
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Evolution of the concept of "specialist’s professional and personal development"
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Metacognitive Dimension of Learning and Education
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Impact of ChatGPT on metacognition and motivation in EFL academic writing
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“This approach aligns with previous studies of Bandura (1997), Flavell (1979) and Teng (2025) on the need for learners’ metacognitive regulation, self-efficacy, and guidance while using technologies for writing.”
Seran, M. K., Moruk, Y., Tahu, K. R., Adwiah, R., & Nurlailah (2026) · Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research · doi:10.69693/ijim.v4i2.608
“Mekanisme self-monitoring ini sangat penting dalam pengembangan kemampuan membaca pemahaman yang mandiri (Flavell, 1979).”
Metacognitive Awareness and Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Students' Engagement
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“Another psychological factor is metacognition which predicts academic achievement, and is often attributed to Flavell (1979) who conceptualized it as knowledge about one's own cognitive process.”
Listening & speaking — focus on oral language skills
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c6
Task-based language teaching and young learners
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c4
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.ded
Cognitive, social and affective features
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c3
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.epilogue
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.index
Appendix D. Example of a Mind Map
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app4
Tasks in language education programs, syllabi, and materials
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c5
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app1
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.prelim
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c9
Appendix C. Reading strategies
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app3
Appendix G. Sample task rating sheet
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app7
Timpe‐Laughlin, V., & Butler, Y. G. (2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.refs
Reading & writing — focus on literacy skills
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c7
Appendix F. Sample storytelling task scoring rubric
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app6
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.toc
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c1
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.preface
From children’s first language development to learning an additional language
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c2
Appendix B. Task types mentioned in the book
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app2
Tasks in the young language learner classroom
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.c8
Pedagogy of ECG Interpretation
Jain, D., O’Neill, J., & Daly, M. J. (2026) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1014565
Appendix E. Considerations to determine needs for writing in the additional language
(2026) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.19.app5
Aguiar, E., Martins, C., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106735
Aksela, O., Lämsä, J., & Järvelä, S. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2666284
Navigational metacognition in aging: Encoding strategies and spatial representation
Lloyd, M. R., & Moffat, S. D. (2026) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2026.109492
"It Would Take Too Much to Explain": Task-Contingent AI Use in Design Education
Dines, N., & Mokryn, O. (2026) · Annual Symposium on HCI Education (EduCHI) · doi:10.1145/3803869.3803887
“Self-regulated learning (SRL) research has long emphasized that effective learners actively plan, monitor, and adapt their strategies in response to task demands and progress toward goals [11, 24, 30].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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