The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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“Second, metacognitive knowledge is about cognitive tasks that can be amassed, in addition to heuristic knowledge, about different cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
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“…frameworks: objective self-awareness theory (Duval & Wicklund, 1972), which elucidates the process by which individuals regulate behavior through attentional internalization mechanisms; and metacognitive theory (Flavell, 1979 ), which clarifies the role of cognitive monitoring in self-development.”
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“Third, students in the primary grades are in the early stages of developing their abilities to think metacognitively (Flavell 1979).”
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“It consists of declarative knowledge (what you know about how thinking works; Flavell, 1979) and procedural knowledge (Nelson, 1990), which includes monitoring (evaluating how you are performing on a task in real time) and control (regulating your cognitive approach as you go).”
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“These strategies can be employed to monitor cognitive progress (Flavell et al., 1979).”
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“In addition, several elements of the MI session were adapted from Sato’s and Loewen’s (2018) training, which focused on helping students raise their awareness of corrective feedback as a tool for learning by planning, monitoring and evaluating their learning processes (Flavell, 1979).”
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“This construct is not limited to knowl - edge alone; in addition to metacognitive knowledge, it also encompasses functional components such as the monitoring of one’s cognitive activities and the regulation (or control) of these activities when necessary (Flavell, 1979 ).”
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“Third, metacognitive theory (Flavell, 1979; Lai, 2011) underscores the importance of monitoring, error analysis, and reflective thinking to improve learning.”
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“Peer feedforward seems most effective when embedded in a pedagogical model integrating metacognition (Flavell, 1976, 1979; Hart, 1965), that is, learners’ awareness and regulation of their own cognitive (and, in this case, writing) processes.”
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“…understanding cognitive processes across tasks, strategies, and personal capacities, (2) metacognitive experiences: conscious cognitive or affective states during tasks, (3) goals (or tasks): task-specific objectives, and (4) actions (or strategies): goal-2025 directed cognitions and behaviors [9].”
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“This aligns with metacognitive theory, which suggests that awareness of one’s limitations is a prerequisite for self-regulated learning and improvement [27], [28].”
Kok, X. K., Jutasompakorn, P., Gao, F. P., & Soh, Z. Y. S. (2026) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/00472395251414683 · Cited by 2
“Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one ’ s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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