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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
“In this context, mindfulness can be considered a metacognitive skill (cognition about one's cognition, Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791 · Cited by 2,733
“Metacognition is especially important as it moves students out of the role of passive receptors of information to active learners where they are aware of and monitoring their own understanding during the learning process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings
Nelson, T. O. (1990) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60053-5 · Cited by 2,583
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x · Cited by 2,216
“Metacognitive CQ reflects mental processes that individuals use to acquire and understand cultural knowledge, including knowledge of and control over individual thought processes (Flavell, 1979) relating to culture.”
BackgroundToward a design theory of problem solving
Jonassen, D. H. (2000) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02300500 · Cited by 2,114
Metacognition and learning: conceptual and methodological considerations
Veenman, M. V. J., Van Hout-Wolters, B. H. A. M., & Afflerbach, P. (2006) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0 · Cited by 2,023
“Flavell coined the term metacognition in the seventies of the last century (Flavell, 1979) and, since then, a huge amount of research has emanated from his initial efforts.”
BackgroundThe role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning
Pintrich, P. R. (1999) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(99)00015-4 · Cited by 2,096
Handbook of Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance
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Learning Styles and Pedagogy in post-16 learning: a systematic and critical review
Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004) · Newcastle University · doi:10.25405/ncl.34085991 · Cited by 1,810
The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0 · Cited by 1,737
“, impulsiveness); and metacognition [249] including social aspects (e.”
BackgroundBroadbent, J., & Poon, W. L. (2015) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.007 · Cited by 1,692
Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation
Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309341564 · Cited by 1,821
“Related research indeed suggests that speech seems truer when uttered without pauses for “ah” and “um” (e.g., Clark & Fox Tree, 2002; Fox Tree, 2002; Fox Tree & Clark, 1997).”
InfluentialHandbook of Metacognition in Education
Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J., & Graesser, A. C. (2009) · doi:10.4324/9780203876428 · Cited by 1,509
“Metacognition can be broadly defined as cognition about one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Baker, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Role of Metacognitive Knowledge in Learning, Teaching, and Assessing
Pintrich, P. R. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_3 · Cited by 1,508
“Having said this, it is not our expectation that teachers would teach for metacognitive knowledge in separate courses or separate units, although this can certainly be done (see Hofer et al., 1998; Pintrich et al., 1987).”
BackgroundSelf-regulation in the classroom: a perspective on assessment and intervention.
Boekaerts, M., & Corno, L. (2005) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00205.x · Cited by 1,479
“As Flavell (1979) explained, metacognition (cognition about cognition) refers to two aspects, namely the students’ self-awareness of a knowledge base in which information is stored about how, when, and where to use various cognitive strategies and their self-awareness of and access to strategies…”
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243 · Cited by 1,459
“The notion we have in mind parallels metacognition, which refers to the executive functions of cognition (Allen & Armour, 1993; Bvinelli, 1993; Flavell, 1979; Fodor, 1992; Olson & Astington, 1993).”
BackgroundInquiry, modeling, and metacognition: making science accessible to all students
White, B. Y., & Frederiksen, J. R. (1998) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1601_2 · Cited by 1,394
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296 · Cited by 1,310
“The NS is also reflected in metacognitive knowledge, access to knowledge people have about their cognitive abilities (“I have a bad memory”), about cognitive strategies (“to remember a phone number I should rehearse it”), about tasks (“categorized items are easier to recall”), etc. (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundRisko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002 · Cited by 1,502
“, effort [30,32,59,60,83]) that are associated with internal and more ‘extended’ strategies (i.”
BackgroundEfklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211
“This kind of knowledge constitutes what is called MK (Efklides, 2001, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117 · Cited by 1,157
Effects of learning skills interventions on student learning: a meta-analysis.
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“They again use a strong top-down approach, developing a model of intervention from the theories of Gagne (1980), Steinberg (1983), and metacognitive theorists such as Flavell (1979) and A. L. Brown (1978) together with a review of intervention studies.”
BackgroundThe use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44
Sandars, J. E. (2009) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590903050374 · Cited by 1,087
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion
Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-j0001.2001 · Cited by 1,033
“In other respects, these results are consistent with findings indicating that the dorsolateral PFC is implicated in metacognitive/executive top-down processes, which refer to the ability to monitor and control the information processing necessary to produce voluntary action (Flavell, 1979).”
ResultCognitive Conceptions of Learning
Shuell, T. J. (1986) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543056004411 · Cited by 1,177
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 · Cited by 1,063
Assessing students' metacognitive awareness of reading strategies.
Mokhtari, K., & Reichard, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.249 · Cited by 1,092
“They do relatively little monitoring of their own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive tasks (Flavell, 1979; Markman, 1979) and tend to focus on reading as a decoding process rather than as a meaning-getting process (Baker & Brown, 1984).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulation of motivation: evaluating an underemphasized aspect of self-regulated learning.
Wolters, C. A. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3804_1 · Cited by 975
“This aspect of metacognition has been differentiated based on whether the knowledge pertains to the person, to tasks, or to strategies, and into declarative, procedural, and conditional forms of knowledge (Baker, 1994; Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialCenter for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education 2013 Educational Outcomes
Medina, M. S., Plaza, C. M., Stowe, C. D., Robinson, E. T., DeLander, G., Beck, D. E., Melchert, R. B., Supernaw, R. B., Roche, V. F., Gleason, B. L., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe778162 · Cited by 951
Meta-Cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800015897 · Cited by 866
Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00093-5 · Cited by 1,029
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Singer, S. R., & Smith, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20030 · Cited by 852
A cognitive perspective on language learners' listening comprehension problems
Goh, C. C. M. (2000) · System · doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(99)00060-3 · Cited by 831
“An individual's metacognitive knowledge is their self-knowledge about learning, and this consists of knowledge about person, task and strategy (Flavell, 1979; Wenden, 1991).”
BackgroundFocusing the Conceptual Lens on Metacognition, Self-regulation, and Self-regulated Learning
Dinsmore, D. L., Alexander, P. A., & Loughlin, S. M. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9083-6 · Cited by 815
Personal Epistemology Research: Implications for Learning and Teaching
Hofer, B. K. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1011965830686 · Cited by 851
A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007 · Cited by 991
“I just thought ‘get a grip’ and I thought ‘when have you felt really 25 powerful and flowing?’ 26 The term meta-cognition was originally coined by Flavell (1979) who described it as an 27”
BackgroundMeasuring Risk Literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test
Cokely, E. T., Galešić, M., Schulz, E., Ghazal, S., & García‐Retamero, R. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001819 · Cited by 772
“One hypothesis is that higher levels of general abilities, including numeracy, are associated with differences in metacognition, which enables greater sensitivity to feedback (Mitchum & Kelley, 2010; see also Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDay, D. V., Gronn, P., & Salas, E. (2004) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.001 · Cited by 829
Ford, J. K., Smith, E. M., Weissbein, D. A., Gully, S. M., & Salas, E. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.218 · Cited by 815
The neural basis of metacognitive ability
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0417 · Cited by 747
“By focussing on self-reports about memory performance—metacognitive reports—Flavell provided a systematic framework for the study of self-knowledge in healthy individuals [13].”
BackgroundEfklides, A. (2008) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277 · Cited by 729
Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2004.12436826 · Cited by 724
Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process?
Efklides, A. (2006) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2005.11.001 · Cited by 724
“It also comprises knowledge of tasks (i.e., categories of tasks and their processing) as well as knowledge of strategies (i.e., general ways of task processing) (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialMckeachie, W., Pintrich, P., & Lin, Y.-G. (1985) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2003_5 · Cited by 159
Kuhn, D. (2000) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00088 · Cited by 718
“Flavell (1979) expressed a broad vision in this respect: It is at least conceivable that the ideas currently brewing in this area could someday be parlayed into a method teaching children (and adults) to make wise and thoughtful life decisions as well as to comprehend and learn better in formal…”
Cognitive Sequelae of Traumatic Brain Injury
Rabinowitz, A. R., & Levin, H. S. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.004 · Cited by 793
Children's Metacognition About Reading: issues in Definition, Measurement, and Instruction
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Fan, Y., Tang, L., Le, H., Shen, K., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, X., & Gašević, D. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13544 · Cited by 805
Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation
Fernandez‐Duque, D., Baird, J. A., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0447 · Cited by 739
“Metacognitive knowledge is knowledge people have about their cognitive abilities (''I have a bad memory''), about cognitive strategies (''to remember a phone number I should rehearse it''), about tasks (''categorized items are easier to recall''), and so forth (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset
Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2008) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.001 · Cited by 676
The Informed Design Teaching and Learning Matrix
Crismond, D., & Adams, R. S. (2012) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb01127.x · Cited by 707
“Metacognition is the knowledge and monitoring of oneself and others, tasks done, and strategies and understandings used (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDunlosky, J., & Rawson, K. A. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.08.003 · Cited by 713
Development of Knowledge about the Appearance-Reality Distinction
Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Flavell, E. R., Watson, M. W., & Campione, J. C. (1986) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165866 · Cited by 623
Self-citationDifferences in the metacognitive awareness of reading strategies among native and non-native readers
Sheorey, R., & Mokhtari, K. (2001) · System · doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(01)00039-2 · Cited by 621
The illusion of reality – a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations
Bentall, R. P. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82 · Cited by 630
Classroom contexts for creativity
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2014.905247 · Cited by 625
“Like other forms of metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, Wolters, & Baxter, 2000), CMC is a special form of cognition that helps people monitor and develop their creative competence.”
BackgroundPromoting Student Metacognition
Tanner, K. D. (2012) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.12-03-0033 · Cited by 618
“…expand on Flavell’s original definition to include an emphasis on planning, monitoring, and evaluating one’s own learning processes—are likely related to the relative youth of the metacognition research field and the associated growing pains of an emerging discipline (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998).”
Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2008) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878108325713 · Cited by 754
Quantitative studies of student self-assessment in higher education: a critical analysis of findings
Boud, D., & Falchikov, N. (1989) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf00138746 · Cited by 616
Models of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_1 · Cited by 610
Archer, D. R., Adu-Gyamfi, J., & Goyal, A. (2002) · Cited by 596
Klepsch, M., Schmitz, F., & Seufert, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01997 · Cited by 601
Critical Thinking: A Literature Review
Lai, E. (2011) · Cited by 693
Nambisan, S., & Baron, R. A. (2012) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00519.x · Cited by 597
The Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire: Development and Validation
Vandergrift, L., Goh, C. C. M., Mareschal, C. J., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2006) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00373.x · Cited by 603
Epistemological Understanding as a Metacognitive Process: Thinking Aloud During Online Searching
Hofer, B. K. (2004) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3901_5 · Cited by 573
“Considering the epistemic aspects of metacognition as an important component of the process returns us to the more expansive understanding of the processes initially described (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundFlipped Classrooms: a Review of Key Ideas and Recommendations for Practice
Delozier, S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9356-9 · Cited by 598
“However, in sharp contrast to this assumption, research in metacognition (i.e., Bknowing about knowing^; Flavell 1979; Nelson 1996) suggests that students are often unable to assess their own learning or identify strategies that enhance learning.”
ResultLivingston, J. A. (2003) · Cited by 625
Aleven, V. A. W. M. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2602_1 · Cited by 895
Metacognition and consciousness
Koriat, A. (2007) · The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.012 · Cited by 554
An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023962332399 · Cited by 550
“Metacognition refers to the aspect of the information-processing system that monitors, interprets, evaluates, and regulates the contents and processes of its organization (Flavell, 1979; Wells, 2000).”
BackgroundSynthesis of discipline-based education research in physics
Docktor, J. L., & Mestre, J. P. (2014) · Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevstper.10.020119 · Cited by 656
“Metacognition, which refers broadly to thinking about one’s own thinking [455], is thought to impact learning in that being reflective about one’s own thinking processes can improve learning and retention due to deeper processing of the information [87] (for a broad overview, see Ref.”
BackgroundWhitebread, D., Coltman, P., Pino‐Pasternak, D., Sangster, C., Grau, V., Bingham, S., Al-Meqdad, Q., & Demetriou, D. (2008) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-008-9033-1 · Cited by 563
“The work reported here, like much of the research in these areas, has been inspired by two traditions within developmental psychology: the cognitive information-processing tradition represented by the early work of Flavell (1979) and Ann Brown (1987), from which the terms ‘metamemory’ and ‘metacognition’ emerged, and…”
Background40 years of cognitive architectures: core cognitive abilities and practical applications
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2020) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-018-9646-y · Cited by 539
Reflective judgment: Concepts of justification and their relationship to age and education
Kitchener, K. S., & King, P. M. (1981) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(81)90032-0 · Cited by 532
Self-regulation interventions with a focus on learning strategies
Weinstein, C. E., Husman, J., & Dierking, D. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50051-2 · Cited by 538
Teaching Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills
Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008) · Delta Pi Epsilon journal · Cited by 526
Lysaker, P. H., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Johannesen, J., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., & Semerari, A. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00514.x · Cited by 565
Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., Ng, K., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. S. K. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x · Cited by 604
“Awareness is defined as knowing about cultural thinking and knowledge of self and others in real time (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Ridley, Schutz, Glanz, & Weinstein, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G. K., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J., Poelmans, S., Brislin, R. W., Pekerti, A., Aycan, Z., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595808091787 · Cited by 567
Bakkenes, I., Vermunt, J. D. H. M., & Wubbels, T. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.09.001 · Cited by 513
“Beginning with the pioneering work of Brown (1978) and Flavell (1979), over the last 30 years research on metacognition, self-regulation, and self-regulated learning has flourished (Alexander, 2008; Boekaerts, 2002).”
BackgroundExecutive function and metacognition: Towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation
Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.04.001 · Cited by 592
“…knowledge (i.e., knowledge about cognition, learning processes, memory functioning, and factors influencing cognition, learning, and memory; Flavell, 1979), and procedural MC. Procedural MC comprises the processes of metacognitive monitoring (i.e., subjective assessments of ongoing…”
BackgroundInfluentialStrategy choice procedures and the development of multiplication skill.
Siegler, R. S. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.3.258 · Cited by 508
1. LISTENING TO LEARN OR LEARNING TO LISTEN?
Vandergrift, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190504000017 · Cited by 641
“Vandergrift argues that this approach helps listeners develop metacognitive knowledge, critical to the development of self-regulated listening (Chamot, Barnhardt, El-Dinary, & Robbins, 1999; Flavell, 1979; Wenden, 1998).”
BackgroundThe Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI
Tankelevitch, L., Kewenig, V., Simkute, A., Scott, A. E., Sarkar, A., Sellen, A., & Rintel, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642902 · Cited by 493
“Metacognition as a concept was first popularized by developmental psychologist John H. Flavell in the late 1970s [64], as he tried to understand how children come to be aware of their own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundEffectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis
Donker, A. S., de Boer, H., Kostons, D., Dignath van Ewijk, C. C., & van der Werf, M. P. C. (2014) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2013.11.002 · Cited by 489
A conceptual analysis of five measures of metacognitive monitoring
Schraw, G. J. (2008) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-008-9031-3 · Cited by 549
L2 Reading Comprehension and Its Correlates: A Meta‐Analysis
Jeon, E., & Yamashita, J. (2014) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12034 · Cited by 570
The relationship between EFL learners' beliefs and learning strategy use
Yang, N.-D. (1999) · System · doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(99)00048-2 · Cited by 500
Teaching L2 Learners How to Listen Does Make a Difference: An Empirical Study
Vandergrift, L., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00559.x · Cited by 478
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2008) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00457.x · Cited by 480
“The second is the concept of ‘metacognition’, which also lies at the basis of the theory of mind literature (e.g. Flavell, 1979; Fodor, 1992; Olson & Astington, 1993).”
BackgroundNot just fun, but serious strategies: Using meta-cognitive strategies in game-based learning
Kim, B.-K., Park, H., & Baek, Y. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.004 · Cited by 520
“Flavell (1979) proposed a formal model of meta-cognitive monitoring to include four classes of phenomena and their relationships.”
MethodReadiness for autonomy: Investigating learner beliefs
Cotterall, S. (1995) · System · doi:10.1016/0346-251x(95)00008-8 · Cited by 476
Studies of Expertise from Psychological Perspectives
Feltovich, P. J., Prietula, M. J., & Ericsson, K. A. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816796.004 · Cited by 480
Theobald, M. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101976 · Cited by 478
Measures of Children's Knowledge and Regulation of Cognition
Sperling, R. A., Howard, B. C., Miller, L. A., & Murphy, C. (2002) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.2001.1091 · Cited by 469
Development of the social brain in adolescence
Blakemore, S. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110221 · Cited by 527
Relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills: Age and task differences
Veenman, M. V. J., & Spaans, M. A. (2005) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2004.12.001 · Cited by 463
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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