Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: Disposition, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring.

“When people think critically, they are evaluating the outcomes of their thought processes—how good a decision is or how well a problem is solved (Halpern, 1996).”

“Hummel and Holyoak (1997) identified structure sensitivity as a fundamental property that underlies human thought: "First thinking is structure sensitive.”

“Lehman and Nisbett (1990) , for example, examined the spontaneous transfer of selected thinking skills in an out-of-the-classroom, real-world environment.”

“There are numerous other successful reports of the transfer of critical-thinking skills to a variety of settings (Kosonen & Winne, 1995; Nisbett, 1993; Perkins & Grotzer, 1997).”

“The development of expertise in any area requires deliberate, effortful, and intense cognitive work ( Wagner, 1997 ).”

“There are numerous other successful reports of the transfer of critical-thinking skills to a variety of settings ( Kosonen & Winne, 1995; Nisbett, 1993; Perkins & Grotzer, 1997).”

“Getting students to understand and apply the principle is a crucial aim in their training in critical thinking (Halpern, 1998; Wilson, Aronson, & Carlsmith, 2010).”

“In fact, the structured exercises of SCA provide a framework that facilitates the generalization of skills and concepts to other situations (Halpern, 1998).”

“Generalists (Davies 2013; De Bono 1991; Ennis 1989; Halpern 1998; Kuhn 1999) claim a set of CT skills exists that are general and 484 D. T. Tiruneh et al. applicable across a wide variety of domains.”

“Similarly, Halpern (1998) conceive of metacognition as monitoring thinking and strategy use by asking questions like: What do I already know?”

“(Renkl et al. 1996; Halpern 1998) 2836 Educ Inf Technol (2017) 22:2825–2855”

“…learning experience on the students’ ability to implement knowledge to new and unfamiliar situations, a conscious and directed transfer of abstract concepts that can be widely implemented in other fields and new situations (e.g., Bransford & Schwartz, 1999; Halpern, 1998; Salomon & Perkins, 1989).”

“Critical thinking (CT) involves possessing the appropriate skills, such as reasoning and argumentation abilities, possessing the appropriate attitudinal dispositions, such as open-mindedness and a skeptical attitude, and engaging in metacognition by accurately monitoring and regulating the quality of one’s thinking (B…”

“Advocates of a generalist or generic approach, including Halpern (1998) and Van Gelder (2005), believe critical thinking is ‘intrinsically general in nature’ (Van Gelder 2005, 43), allowing it to be taught outside a particular academic discipline.”

“This transferability ‘poses unique problems for instruction in critical thinking’ (Halpern, 1998).”

“For example, NFA-oriented individuals can learn skills such as verbal reasoning, argument analysis, hypothesis-based thinking, likelihoods and probabilities, and problem solving, which improves their ability to master critical thinking (Halpern, 1998).”

“According to Halpern (1998), “a critical thinker exhibits the following dispositions or attitudes: (a) willingness to engage in and persist at a complex task, (b) habitual use of plans and the suppression of impulsive activity, (c) flexibility or open-mindedness, (d) willingness to abandon…”

“…imparting critical-thinking skills to the target group, how to best employ effective teacher behaviors during their teaching, and how to reliably assess students’ critical-thinking ability (Facione et al., 1995; Halpern, 1998; Harris & Eleser, 1997; McBride & Knight, 1993; Michelli et al., 1990).”

“…for critical thinking skills instruction and assessment, and various individual and situational factors are believed to influence the development and use of such skills (e.g., Davies, 2006; Halpern, 1998; Ku, 2009; Manalo, Kusumi, Koyasu, Michita, & Tanaka, 2013, 2015; ten Dam & Volman, 2004).”

“The objective is to make decisions and to improve the thinking process (Halpern, 1998; Kong, 2014).”

“She defined critical thinking as “the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome” (Halpern, 1998 , p.”

“Despite the disagreements, many experts agree that CT involves both skills and dispositions related to reasoning (e.g., Ennis, 1987; Halpern, 1998); and research has supported this (Clifford, Boufal, & Kurtz, 2004; Taube, 1997).”

“…with these authors that CT education should involve students in “CT for action,” since decision making – a way of deciding on a course of action – is based on judgments derived from argumentation using CT. Drawing from Halpern (1998), we also think that CT requires awareness of one’s own knowledge.”

“Halpern (1998) proposed the following four-part model for teaching and learning critical thinking: (a) a dispositional component that prepares learners for cognitive work; (b) instruction in critical-thinking skills; (c) training in the structural aspects of problems and arguments to enhance the…”

“…research has shown support for far transfer is more likely to occur when participants are provided support such as hints or other cues that prompt recall of the previous learning and its potential of generalization or applicability in the new situation (e.g., Gick and Holyoak, 1980; Halpern, 1998).”

“Critical thinking involves self-disciplined, self-directed, reasoned and ACCOUNTING EDUCATION 347 focused thinking (Brunt, 2005, pp. 60–61; Ennis, 1985, p. 45; Facione, 1990, pp. 1–18; Halpern, 1998, pp. 449–451; Kataoka-Yahiro & Saylor, 1994, pp. 351–353; Paul, 1992, pp. 9–10).”

“The postings also provided students with opportunities for engaging in metacognition; that is, becoming reflective and self-aware about how they and others were thinking and writing (see Althauser and Darnall 2001 and Halpern 1998 for further discussion of metacognition).”

“Despite this possible advantage, Marin and Halpern (2011) observe the beneficial effect of direct instruction to obtain higher performance in the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment (Halpern, 1998) among low-income high students in America.”

“Critical thinking skills are regarded as higher-order thinking skills (Halpern, 1998; Kuhn, 1999) and can be defined as considering multiple perspectives, making inferences and analyzing consequences, evaluating with reason and evidence, and creating new points of view in light of incoming…”

“- Halpern Critical inking Assessmentusing Everyday Situations (HCTAES; Halpern, 1998), el que a través de 25 preguntas de respuestas cerradas y abiertas (50 en total), busca medir de manera más amplia el logro de la habilidad, acompañándolo con una medición más objetiva y certera.”

“Despite several extant expositions of critical thinking in the fields of psychology (Halpern, 1998; King & Kitchener, 1994, 2004; Sch ¨ on, 1987), education (Bailin, Case, Coombs & Leroi, 1999; Davies & Barnett, 2015; Ennis, 2015) and philosophy (Facione, 1990; Fisher & Scriven, 1997; Scheffler,…”

“The significantly low content scores in writing on the deserts topic suggest that the students needed a better understanding of what they were expected to learn and the task demands for this information (Halpern, 1998).”

“Halpern in [16] expressed the opinion that, "Critical thinking is reasonable and reflective thinking focuses on deciding what to believe or do".”

“…theorists and scholars (Paul, 1992, 1995, 2008, 2011; Elder, 2002, 2005; Faccione, 1992; McPeck, 1990; Siegel, 1988; Fisher, 2001; Ennis, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997; Halpern, 1998; Swartz, 1994) and has been the focus of education reforms in many parts of the West such as the US, England and Australia.”

“…in civic affairs (ten Dam & Volman, 2004), for the development of critical consciousness (Davies, 2014), for solving problems and decision-making (Halpern, 1998), and ultimately for maintaining one’s integrity in the face of influences from political, cultural and corporate influence…”

“, training courses, videos, and reading material [17, 20]) that may examine past errors to inform future decision making.”

“As Halpern (1998) pointed out, content-specific instruction is not optimal for teaching students to transfer more abstract critical thinking skills across domains.”

“Using multiple choice question format critical thinking assessment is problematic because multiple choice tests focus on cognitive capacity and rote knowledge of features rather than the analysis and inference inherent in critical thinking (Halpern, 1998).”

“The first element involves the use of such cognitive and metacognitive skills as analysis, the identification of assumptions, interpretation, inference, induction, deduction and evaluation (Halpern, 1998; Paul & Elder, 2001).”

“The augmentation of critical thinking skills has been cited as the principal outcome of higher education in numerous empirical studies, both nationally and internationally (Barnett & Francis, 2012; Halpern, 1998; Halx & Reybold, 2005; Lia, 2011; Lombard, 2008).”

“First, this is because of the various conceptualizations of critical thinking as domain-general as opposed to domain-specific, as well as because of the differences in the definitions of the construct (Halpern, 1998; Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010; Moss & Koziol, 1991; Norris, 1989).”

“There are various frameworks proposing different sets of cognitive skills or components for critical thinking, such as frameworks suggested by Halpern (1998), Facione (1990, 2020), and Pascarella and Terenzini (2005).”

“While engaging in critical thinking, students need to undergo certain metacognitive skills such as monitor their thinking process, checking that progress toward a relevant goal, ensuring accuracy, and making decisions regarding the use of time and mental effort (Halpern, 1998).”

“Metacognition as a skill is made overt and conscious during teaching by enabling instructors to model their previously unconscious and concealed thoughts in an observable and transparent manner.[1] The visual and exposed aspect of metacognition lends to a variety of pedagogical techniques that are both structured and…”

“Halpern (1998) points to research from the field of psychology concluded many adults fail to think critically in many situations.”

“It is purposeful, reasoned, and goal directed‖ (Halpern, 1998, p. 449).”

“(p. 2) Halpern (1998) suggested that transfer and successful application of learning requires higher order cognition.”

“This requires placing critical thinking at the core of teaching, unpacking its components, understanding its workings, and approaching it in a specific and explicit manner (Halpern, 1998; Gelder, 2005).”

“Although literature shows that CT can be taught and learned (Halpern, 1998), there is little consistency about which instructional approaches are the most effective in order to promote CT (McMillan, 1987; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005; Tsui, 1999).”

“Another reason is that these thinking skills require cognitive effort (Halpern 1998; Kuhn and Udell 2003): various thinking skills have to be coordinated, accompanied by simultaneous reflection on how and what one is thinking.”

“Finally, there are practical educational implications that may be derived from an increased focus on far transfer, because the primary goal of education is to promote flexible and broad transfer of concepts or strategies to other contexts and situations (e.g., Halpern, 1998).”

“Halpern (1998) proposed that a model for teaching critical thinking should also include a dispositional component that prepares learners for cognitive work.”