Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being.

“Finally, Emmons and McCullough (2003) found that interventions to increase thoughts of gratitude increased levels of positive affect.”

“However, Diener and Biswas-Diener (2002) reviewed studies showing that national levels of wealth strongly predict the subjective well-being of nations, whereas change in wealth is inconsistent in its effects across studies.”

“from work ( Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ), and individuals who divorced (Lucas, 2005b) all reported long-lasting changes in life satisfaction after these life events.”

“For example, in our study on reaction and adaptation to marriage (Lucas et al., 2003), we relied on laboratory studies of emotional reactivity (e.g., Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991) to predict that the happiest individuals should react most strongly to positive life events.”

“For example, widowhood influences wellbeing significantly, and a large percentage of people report lasting changes in subjective wellbeing after marriage [68,69].”

“While wellbeing is relatively stable over time (Eid & Diener, 2004), individual “set points” can change under certain conditions – most likely if life changes dramatically (Diener et al., 2006).”

“This concept, however, is an inaccurate representation of reality, since well-being adaptation has been shown to be avoidable [19, 20].”

“According to the hedonic treadmill theory, people briefly react to bad events, but as time passes, they return to neutrality (Diener et al., 2006).”

“The theoretical perspectives and empirical data also suggest that satisfaction and delight can beimproved in the long run by deliberate actions and exercises (Seligman, 2004; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Diener et al., 2006; Dijkhuizen et al., 2018).”

“…found that individuals with higher levels of subjective wellbeing (e.g., high life satisfaction (Diener, 2000) are better able to cope with and sustain social connections during stressful life events (e.g., the birth of a child; Diener et al., 2006; Diener & Seligman, 2002; Fredrickson, 2008).”

“These results are consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated that the relationship between positive and negative emotion tends to be inversely correlated [6,17].”

“, [35,36], such as disability, unemployment, divorce, or death of a spouse.”

“Nonetheless, even though a substantial proportion of individuals who experience challenging life events often report high levels of well-being (Diener, Lucas, and Scollon, 2006), certain subgroups (e.g., those with chronic health conditions, disability status) have been shown to exhibit lower…”

“Moreover, they strengthen the contention that individuals differ in their predisposition to experience high or low levels of well-being (Diener et al., 2006; Steel, Schmidt, & Shultz, 2008).”

“First, convergent with well-being theories like the hedonic treadmill (Diener et al., 2006), a person’s equilibrium refers to the level where their well-being system is at homeostasis (i.e., a setpoint), around which they vary.”

“SWB refers to an individual’s own evaluation of their life; that is, a high SWB is associated with a positive evaluation, and a low SWB is associated with a negative evaluation (Diener, 1984 ; Diener et al., 2005 ).”

“In addition, the ability to experience and maintain positive emotional states can foster resilience and personal efficacy, allowing individuals to effectively manage challenges and improve their living conditions (Diener et al., 2006).”

“As a measure of mood, the GNH captures the more volatile part of well-being, generally referred to as happiness (Diener et al. [43]).”

“The hedonic treadmill describes that each person has a set level of positive or negative mood (Diener et al., 2006).”

“…satisfaction levels for individuals are innately set at particular and substantially immutable points (Lykken and Tellegen 1996; Lucas et al. 2003; Diener, Lucas, and Scollon 2006). in this respect, our findings suggest that student satisfaction with higher education appears little different to…”

“According to the subjective well-being theory (Biswas Diener et al., 2008; Diener et al., 2006), subjective well-being depends on subjective views on a balance of pleasant over unpleasant experience (hedonistic theory), fulfilment of desire (desire theory), a reflection of one’s values, life…”

“In particular, research on the consequences of negative events suggests that positive and negative psychological outcomes may not exhibit coordinated changes (Diener et al., 2009).”

“Relatedly, the revised adaptation theory (Diener et al., 2018; Diener et al., 2006) proposes that negative events or adverse life circumstances might influence people’s immediate happiness; but by adapting to these changing circumstances, people tend to quickly return to their baseline levels of subjective well-being.”

“In fact, hedonic adaptation is built on automatic habituation and other inevitable processes in which individuals’ psychological systems become accustomed to stimuli and return to their set point (Diener et al., 2006).”

“partially driven by the accrued benefits of better responses to emotional challenges in day-to-day life (Brown et al., 2020; Diener et al., 2009; Luhmann et al., 2012).”

“However, research on trends in well-being over the lifespan is inconclusive with examples of increasing, decreasing, curvilinear or more constant experience of well-being (Cummins & Nistico, 2002; Diener, Lucas, & Scollon, 2006; Horley & Lavery, 1995; Blanchflower & Oswald, 2008).”

“Such a utilitarian principle of happiness is what Diener, Lucas, and Scollon (2006) referred to as a “hedonic treadmill” where feeling happy is defined via time-limited events such as sipping a piña colada while reclining comfortably on a sun-filled Caribbean beach.”

“The hedonic treadmill model, for example, states that happiness is temporarily affected by good and bad events, but soon reverts to a set point [36].”

“There seems to be a broad consensus that adaptation does occur to some extent, though there is evidence that it is slower and less complete to negative events (such as divorce, disability, unemployment) than to positive ones (Diener, Lucas, and Scollon 2006; Diener et al. 2009, 98ff.).”

“While traditional models – such as job satisfaction (Locke, 1976), affective well-being (Diener et al., 2009), and work engagement (Schaufeli et al., 2002) – treat happiness as centred within the individual, the present model demonstrates that feeling part of something greater than oneself is a…”

“Subjective well-being consists of people making various positive and negative evaluations of their lives and people’s emotional reactions to their experiences and is a general term for different assessments of life, events that occur, body and mind, and life circumstances (Diener et al., 2006).”

“3 There are different mechanisms impacting life satisfaction, and these can change under some conditions, as is shown in different theories of well-being [15,16].”

“However, within psychology research disciplines, it is conceptualized as the integration of emotional experiences and performance across multiple domains of life (Diener et al., 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2001).”

“The perception and selection of a reference group or standard of comparison plays an important role in the process of evaluating well-being (Festinger 1954; Michalos 1985; Diener et al. 2006; Luhmann et al. 2012).”

“This finding can be discussed in the context of setpoint theory, which postulates that wellbeing tends to return to baseline during the years following a critical life event (Anusic et al., 2014; Diener et al., 2006; Ormel et al., 2017).”

“Our dynamic framework of boundary permeability integrates aspects of the adaptation theory of well-being (Diener et al., 2006; Luhmann et al., 2012) and the transactional model of stress (Folkman et al., 1986; Langston, 1994).”

“Through this besides enhancing subjective wellbeing, it also prevents and control disorders and promote health of individuals and society [7].”

“…2009; Jolly, Dyck, Kramer, & Wherry, 1994)。例如, 有研究发现, 负面情感为 焦虑和抑郁所共有, 但积极情感的减少却只特异性 地预测抑郁症状(Dyck et al., 1994; Jolly et al., 1994)。 从幸福感的角度来看, 积极情感的习惯化与个体快 乐感和幸福感的保持和提升相悖(范富霞, 吕厚超, 2013)。因此, 积极情感习惯化的研究能促进人类对 于心理健康和持续幸福的理解, 也能为心理健康的 维护和幸福感的提升提供理论指导。 基于哲学渊源, 可以从快乐主义(hedonism)和…”

“It help people recover their happiness, job satisfaction, and other emotions from external setbacks to their initial levels, enabling them to overcome psychological crises and adapt to new environments [21].”

“A lengthy psychological literature on hedonic adaptation speaks to these abilities, finding that people tend to return to baseline affective states soon after external shocks (Diener, Lucas, and Scollon, 2006; Solomon, 1980).”

“The set-point theory of well-being would posit that individuals ’ well-being levels change following major life events, but return to pre-event baselines afterwards (Diener et al., 2006; Luhmann & Intelisano, 2018).”

“According to “set -point theory of happiness” a person’s subjective well -being is said to vary around a stable set-point according to this theory we created so this data pattern can be explained (Diener, Lucas, & Scollon, 2009).”

“All these findings provide evidence that happiness level and set point can change [42].”

“…kebahagiaan yang terusmenerus dengan berbagai cara inilah, yang bisa menyebabkan gangguan mental serius bagi pelakunya, sebagaimana yang dijelaskan (Diener et al., 2006), orang secara kontinyu mengejar kebahagiaan karena mereka punya kepercayaan yang keliru bahwa kebahagiaan yang lebih besar…”

“Other authors have highlighted the structural distinctions be-tween the SWB components, which persist even when we control for the time frame of assessment (Diener et al., 2006; Luhmann et al., 2012a).”

“Diener et al. (2006) and Lucas (2007) show that people can “hedonically” adapt to almost any life event, including disability. On the other hand, Easterlin (2006) finds contradictory evidence about the adaptation hypothesis and the view of mainstream economics that happiness depends on objective conditions.”

“According to Diener, Lucas, and Scollon (2009), ‘individuals differ in their adaptation to events, with some individuals changing their set point and others not changing in reaction to some external event’ (305).”

“The first influential theory was the Hedonic Treadmill Theory (Brickman et al. 1978; Diener et al. 2009), which generally espouses that individuals’ experience rises and drops in their happiness as they experience positive or negative external events, but that these effects wear off over time,…”

“A adaptação hedônica é um tendência visualizada em pessoas, onde verifica-se o retorno a um nı́vel relativa- 10https://www.nltk.org/ mente estável emocional, apesar da ocorrência de importantes acontecimentos positivos ou negativos anteriormente [Diener et al. 2006].”

“As the evaluation criteria are entirely up to each individual, experiencing a major life challenge, such as unemployment or widowhood, is shown to affect evaluative WB (Diener et al., 2006; Lucas et al., 2004).”

“The literature refers the phenomenon of adaptation to a “hedonic treadmill model” (Brickman and Campbell 1971, Diener, Kahnemann and Schwarz 1999, Diener et al. 2006), in which after a rise in life satisfaction it sinks to the previous pre-event level as a result of disillusionment in everyday life.”

“Defining well-being as multidimensional is consistent with prior research in the field of well-being.(21,22) Measuring multiple domains that contribute to an individual’s or community’s overall well-being is also beneficial for identifying areas of opportunity, or targets for interventions to improve well-being and as…”

“The consensus in the psychology literature is that well-being or happiness levels are relatively stable and tend to fluctuate around a fairly stable set-point, but that major life events do indeed shift happiness levels (Diener et al., 2009).”

“In this case, the hedonic treadmill argument of a recovery within about a year (Diener et al., 2006) would not be fulfilled.”

“…emotional gains from WePl (Demerouti et al., 2001). thirdly, employees may initially perceive flexibility as enhancing their personal quality of life. over time, these benefits are regarded as ‘normal’ and no longer substantially influence life satisfaction or positive affect (Diener et al., 2006).”

“However, positive feedback may be subject to hedonic adaptation (Diener et al., 2009 ), potentially causing diminishing effects over time.”

“These explaining approaches follow the idea of personality influencing in what way individuals adapt to certain life events, resulting in different well-being levels (Diener et al. 2006).”

“A substantial body of prior research has explored how major events, particularly negative ones, influence changes in well-being within individuals (Anusic et al., 2014b; Diener et al., 2006; Lucas, 2007; Luhmann et al., 2012b).”

“Previous studies also showed that individuals’ subjective well-being also returns to the reference point with adaptation over time (Cummins, 2000; Diener et al., 2009).”