The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Task Switching Across the Life Span: Effects of Age on General and Specific Switch Costs.
Abstract
The authors investigated age-related changes in executive control using an Internet-based task-switching experiment with 5,271 participants between the ages of 10 and 66 years. Speeded face categorization was required on the basis of gender (G) or emotion (E) in single task blocks (GGG... and EEE...) or switching blocks (GGEEGGEE...). General switch costs, the difference between switching block and single task block performance, decreased during development and then increased approximately linearly from age 18. In contrast, specific switch costs, the difference between switch trial and nonswitch trial performance in the switching block, were more stable across the same age range. These results demonstrate differential age effects in task-switching performance and provide a fine-grained analysis of switch costs from puberty to retirement.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, research on cognitive flexibility has used a variety of task switching paradigms and generally found decreases in switch costs (i.e., the extent to which participants slow down on, or in the context of, switch trials) across childhood and adolescence, and subsequent increases in older adults (Cepeda, Kramer, & Gonzalez de Sather, 2001; Crone, Bunge, Van der Molen, & Ridderinkhof, 2006”
From NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Validation of Executive Function Measures in Adults (2014) · cites this paper as Reimers & Maylor, 2005
Citations
Cites
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Costs of a predictible switch between simple cognitive tasks.
Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207 · Cited by 3,170
Development of inhibitory control across the life span.
Williams, B. R., Ponesse, J. S., Schachar, R. J., Logan, G. D., & Tannock, R. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.205 · Cited by 889
Processing speed as a mental capacity
Kail, R., & Salthouse, T. A. (1994) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)90003-5 · Cited by 850
An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes
Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649609540642 · Cited by 392
Kray, J., Eber, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2004) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.001 · Cited by 215
Midlife aging, open-ended planning, and laboratory measures of executive function.
Garden, S. E., Phillips, L. H., & MacPherson, S. E. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.472 · Cited by 66
Research works printed but not linked: 35
- Allport, 1994, Shifting intentional set: Exploring the dynamic control of tasks., Vol. 15, 421
- Baddeley, 1996, Working memory and executive control., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 351, 1397, 10.1098/rstb.1996.0123 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.12 · DOI
- Birnbaum, 2000, Psychological experiments on the Internet., 10.1016/B978-012099980-4/50001-0 · DOI
- Brinley, 1965, Cognitive sets, speed and accuracy of performance in the elderly., 114
- 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.715 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0001-6918(94)90002-7 · DOI
- Davies, 1999, Assessment of cognitive development in adolescents by means of neuropsychological tasks., Developmental Neuropsychology, 15, 227, 10.1080/87565649909540747 · DOI
- 10.1097/00001756-200107030-00054 · DOI
- Duncan, 1995, Attention, intelligence, and the frontal lobes., 721
- 10.1037/0894-4105.11.3.428 · DOI
- 10.1016/0197-4580(91)90013-A · DOI
- Isingrini, 1997, Relation between fluid intelligence and frontal lobe functioning in older adults., International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 45, 99, 10.2190/WHWX-YNVB-079V-2L74 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.126 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/brcg.2001.1505 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.96 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.29 · DOI
- 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00689-3 · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · DOI · Paper page
- Osmon, 1996, Whole-brain fMRI activation on Wisconsin-like card-sorting measures: Clues to test specificity., Brain and Cognition, 30, 308
- 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12959 · DOI
- Raz, 2000, Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings., 1
- 10.1026//1618-3169.49.4.243 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.13.3.445 · DOI
- Schaie, 1996, Intellectual development in adulthood., 266
- Schultz, 1999, Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow among young to midlife adults., Neuroreport, 10, 2493, 10.1097/00001756-199908200-00011 · DOI
- Stuss, 1994, Experimental neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions., 149
- Tranel, 1994, Development of the concept of "executive function" and its relationship to the frontal lobes., 125
- Ulrich, 1989, Time resolution of clocks: Effects on reaction time measurement-Good news for bad clocks., The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42, 1, 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1989.tb01111.x · DOI
- Uttl, 1997, Color-word Stroop test performance across the adult life span., Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 405, 10.1080/01688639708403869 · DOI
- Van Asselen, 2000, Shift costs of predictable and unexpected set shifting in young and older adults., Psychologica Belgica, 40, 259, 10.5334/pb.966 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00071-4 · DOI
- 10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.120 · DOI
- 10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.272 · DOI
- Zelazo, 2002, Executive function in typical and atypical development., 445, 10.1002/9780470996652.ch20 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006 · Cited by 2,226
“…2000; Mayr, 2000; van Asselen & Ridderinkhof, 2000) and higher for children than for young adults (Cepeda et al., 2001; Cohen et al., 2001; Reimers & Maylor, 2005), though this has not been investigated in children as young as the youngest tested here and though some studies have not…”
BackgroundEvaluating amazon’s mechanical turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research
Crump, M. J. C., McDonnell, J. V., & Gureckis, T. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057410 · Cited by 1,617
Cognition through the lifespan: mechanisms of change
Craik, F. I. M., & Bialystok, E. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.007 · Cited by 911
Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying
Rosen, L. D., Mark Carrier, L., & Cheever, N. A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.001 · Cited by 875
Karbach, J., & Kray, J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00846.x · Cited by 694
“Consistently, lifespan studies showed U-shaped developmental functions for mixing costs, but not for switching costs (cf. Kray et al., 2008; Kray et al., 2004; Reimers & Maylor, 2005).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Reimers, S., & Maylor, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 661-671
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2023277101
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- task switching, switch costs, age differences, executive function, cognitive aging, developmental changes, puberty, face classification, emotion recognition, gender classification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Attention, Child, Discrimination Learning, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Set, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
