The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year.
Abstract
The present work documents how the logic of a model's demonstration and the communicative cues that the model provides interact with age to influence how children engage in social learning. Children at ages 12, 18, and 24 months (n=204) watched a model open a series of boxes. Twelve-month-old subjects only copied the specific actions of the model when they were given a logical reason to do so--otherwise, they focused on reproducing the outcome of the demonstrated actions. Eighteen-month-old subjects focused on copying the outcome when the model was aloof. When the model acted socially, the subjects were as likely to focus on copying actions as outcomes, irrespective of the apparent logic of the model's behavior. Finally, 24-month-old subjects predominantly focused on copying the model's specific actions. However, they were less likely to produce the modeled outcome when the model acted non-socially.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,080
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
Tomasello, M. (2009) · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjsf4jc · Cited by 6,368
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882
Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.198.4312.75 · Cited by 3,263
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166214 · Cited by 2,727
Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactment of intended acts by 18-month-old children.
Meltzoff, A. N. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.31.5.838 · Cited by 2,110
Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C., & Ratner, H. H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003123x · Cited by 1,891
Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3492 · Cited by 1,649
Rational imitation in preverbal infants
Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Király, I. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415755a · Cited by 1,391
Cited by
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.005 · Cited by 1,648
The hidden structure of overimitation
Lyons, D. E., Young, A. G., & Keil, F. C. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704452104 · Cited by 734
Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning
Legare, C. H., & Nielsen, M. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005 · Cited by 484
Self-citationMcKay, R., & Whitehouse, H. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038455 · Cited by 353
McGuigan, N., Makinson, J., & Whiten, A. (2011) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712610x493115 · Cited by 322
Metadata
- Authors
- Nielsen, M.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 555-565
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2019847648
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 81
- FWCI
- 26.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.555
- The paper
- Nielsen, M. (2006). Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.555
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
