Cited by 252Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety

Heerey, Erin A., Kring, Ann M.·2007·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.125

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The behavioral manifestations of social anxiety may have implications for social outcomes. Unfortunately, little is known about how anxiety shapes social interaction. The present study examined social interactions in dyads consisting of either 2 nonsocially anxious (NSA) individuals or 1 socially anxious (SA) and 1 NSA individual. Behavior, self-reported affect, and perceptions were examined. In comparison with the interactions of NSA pairs, high levels of fidgeting, poor reciprocity of smiling behavior, more self-talk, and more frequent reassurance seeking and giving characterized interactions between SA and NSA participants. Both SA participants and their NSA partners rated their interactions as being less smooth and coordinated than did participants in NSA-NSA dyads. In addition, SA participants' reassurance seeking and self-talk correlated negatively with partner positive affect and perceptions of interaction quality. The authors discuss self-focused attention and the interpersonal consequences of social anxiety.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.125

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Facial action coding system
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27734-000 · Cited by 6,019
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample.
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752934 · Cited by 2,957 · cited 1×
“It has well-established psychometric properties (Crawford & Henry, 2004).”
Background
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis
Willson, V. L., Bakeman, R. A., & Gottman, J. M. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164658 · Cited by 2,301
Social Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379168 · Cited by 1,743
Social phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067
Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness
O’Doherty, J., Winston, J., Critchley, H., Perrett, D., Burt, D. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00145-8 · Cited by 898
An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989) · Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.35 · Cited by 887

Show all 60 references

Sorted by citations

The Construction of Emotion in Interactions, Relationships, and Cultures
Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912439765 · Cited by 379
“In one study, undergraduates who were selected to be either high or low on social anxiety participated in a “getting to know you” interaction (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Compensatory internet use among individuals higher in social anxiety and its implications for well-being
Weidman, A. C., Fernandez, K. C., Levinson, C. A., Augustine, A. A., Larsen, R. J., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.003 · Cited by 286
“…conversations, thereby presenting as aloof and distant (Meleshko & Alden, 1993) and often causing the people with whom they interact to experience less satisfaction and positive affect (e.g., Heerey & Kring, 2007; although see High & Caplan, 2009, for an alternative view regarding online contexts).”
Background
Medical student gender and issues of confidence
Blanch‐Hartigan, D., Hall, J. A., ROTER, D. L., & Frankel, R. M. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.05.021 · Cited by 277
The dominance behavioral system and psychopathology: Evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies.
Johnson, S. L., Leedom, L. J., & Muhtadie, L. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027503 · Cited by 263
“…& Grosse Holtforth, 2010; Gilbert, Broomhead, et al., 2007; Gilbert, McEwan, Bellew, et al., 2009; Horowitz et al., 1988; Mehrabian & O’Reilly, 1980; Trower & Gilbert, 1989; Trower, Sherling, Beech, Horrop, & Gilbert, 1998) and observational (Heerey & Kring, 2007; Walters & Hope, 1998) measures.”
Dispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective.
Shackman, A. J., Tromp, D., Stockbridge, M. D., Kaplan, C. M., Tillman, R. M., & Fox, A. S. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000073 · Cited by 249
“This negativity begets negativity and random partners tend to respond with elevated levels of criticism, contempt, and hostility (Creed & Funder, 1998) and to judge the interaction more negatively (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Outcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Faso, D. J., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319892701 · Cited by 233
“Because the 11 items are related (Berry & Hansen, 1996) and have previously been averaged to produce an overall interaction quality composite score (Heerey & Kring, 2007), the average score was computed and used in analyses.”
Method
The psychosocial impact of facial palsy: A systematic review
Hotton, M., Huggons, E., Hamlet, C., Shore, D., Johnson, D., Norris, J. H., Kilcoyne, S., & Dalton, L. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12440 · Cited by 141
A longitudinal examination of stress generation in depressive and anxiety disorders.
Uliaszek, A. A., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J. M., Epstein, A. M., & Hammen, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025835 · Cited by 153
Social rank and affiliation in social anxiety disorder
Weisman, O., Aderka, I. M., Marom, S., Hermesh, H., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.010 · Cited by 118
“Finally, socially anxious individuals exhibited more submissive behaviors (Heerey & Kring, 2007) and fewer dominant behaviors (Walters & Hope, 1998) compared to non-socially anxious individuals.”
Background
The energetics of male–male endurance rivalry in free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta
Higham, J. P., Heistermann, M., & Maestripieri, D. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.02.001 · Cited by 123
Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms
Taylor, C. T., & Amir, N. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.004 · Cited by 99
“Consistent with this perspective, research suggests that socially anxious individuals tend to garner more negative responses from others relative to low anxious individuals (e.g., Creed & Funder, 1998; Heerey & Kring, 2007; Voncken et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Social Cognition, Social Skill, and Social Motivation Minimally Predict Social Interaction Outcomes for Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591100 · Cited by 108
“The items are averaged to create a composite score indicating overall interaction quality (Heerey and Kring, 2007).”
Background
Social Anxiety and Perceived Social Support: Gender Differences and the Mediating Role of Communication Styles
Barnett, M. D., Maciel, I. V., Johnson, D. M., & Ciepluch, I. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119900975 · Cited by 102
“Moreover, there may be some truth to these feelings of social rejection as individuals with social anxiety are often negatively evaluated in social situations (Heerey & Kring, 2007; Voncken et al., 2008, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Unlocking the Emotional World of Visual Media: An Overview of the Science, Research, and Impact of Understanding Emotion
Wang, J. Z., Zhao, S., Wu, C., Adams, R. B., Newman, M. G., Shafir, T., & Tsachor, R. P. (2023) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2023.3273517 · Cited by 109
Interpersonal processes in social anxiety disorder.
Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12084-005 · Cited by 90
DOES RELATIONAL DYSFUNCTION MEDIATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANXIETY DISORDERS AND LATER DEPRESSION? TESTING AN INTERPERSONAL MODEL OF COMORBIDITY
Starr, L. R., Hammen, C. L., Connolly, N. P., & Brennan, P. A. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22172 · Cited by 94
“[27–36] Interpersonal dysfunctionmay link anxiety disorders to later depression, as anxietymay provoke interpersonally destructive behaviors, and the resulting strain on relationships may trigger depressive episodes.”
Predictive and Reactive Mechanisms in Smile Reciprocity
Heerey, E. A., & Crossley, H. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612472203 · Cited by 84
“We previously found that in face-to-face interactions, people’s accuracy in matching their conversation partners’ smiles with smiles of the same type is above 90% (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
To see ourselves as others see us: An experimental integration of the intra and interpersonal consequences of self-protection in social anxiety disorder
Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022127 · Cited by 84
Associations of familial risk factors with social fears and social phobia: evidence for the continuum hypothesis in social anxiety disorder?
Knappe, S., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Fehm, L., Lieb, R., & Wïttchen, H. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0118-4 · Cited by 88
The roles of the social rank and attachment systems in social anxiety
Aderka, I. M., Weisman, O., Shahar, G., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.014 · Cited by 81
Relational treatment strategies increase social approach behaviors in patients with Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.003 · Cited by 77
Assessing excessive reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders
Rector, N. A., Kamkar, K., Cassin, S. E., Ayearst, L. E., & Laposa, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.003 · Cited by 76
Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety
Hur, J., DeYoung, K. A., Islam, S., Anderson, A. S., Barstead, M. G., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002022 · Cited by 74
“This enabled us to test whether socially anxious individuals experience heightened NA and attenuated PA in the presence of distant others, as one would expect based on laboratory studies of interactions with unfamiliar peers and researchers (Meleshko and Alden, 1993; Creed and Funder, 1998; Coles et al., 2002; Kashdan…”
Background
Interpersonal behaviour and social perception in a hierarchy: The interpersonal power and behaviour model
Mast, M. S. (2010) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2010.486942 · Cited by 81
“Fidgeting is generally considered to be an indicator of social anxiety (Heerey & Kring, 2007 ).”
Background
Characterizing the association between parenting and adolescent social phobia
Knappe, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fehm, L., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.014 · Cited by 87
“…Rubin, Nelson, Hastings, & Asendorpf, 1999), by interpersonal processes between parents and offspring (Christensen, Stein, & Means- Christensen, 2003; Heerey & Kring, 2007), attributional bias due to offspring psychopathology (Alfano, Beidel, & Turner, 2006; Wilson & Rapee, 2005), or offsprings’…”
Background
Is smiling during humor so obvious? A cross-cultural comparison of smiling behavior in humorous sequences in American English and French interactions
Priego-Valverde, B., Bigi, B., Attardo, S., Pickering, L., & Gironzetti, E. (2018) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip-2018-0020 · Cited by 71
A review of theories and methods in the science of face-to-face social interaction
Hadley, L. V., Naylor, G., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00008-w · Cited by 81
Not self-focused attention but negative beliefs affect poor social performance in social anxiety: An investigation of pathways in the social anxiety–social rejection relationship
Voncken, M. J., Dijk, C., de Jong, P. J., & Roelofs, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.004 · Cited by 60
“Interestingly, Heerey and Kring (2007) found very subtle social behavior to be problematic in social anxiety.”
Background
Out of sync: nonverbal synchrony in social anxiety disorder
Asher, M., Kauffmann, A., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619894566 · Cited by 58
“In addition, participants who interacted with socially anxious individuals reported that the conversation was less smooth, coordinated, and enjoyable (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive mechanisms for responding to mimicry from others
Hale, J., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.006 · Cited by 63
“This method has been used to good effect in some studies (Heerey & Crossley, 2013; Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Kindness reduces avoidance goals in socially anxious individuals
Trew, J. L., & Alden, L. E. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9499-5 · Cited by 55
“2009 for a review), fewer friends (Rodebaugh 2009), less satisfying social interactions (Heerey and Kring 2007), less emotional intimacy in close relationships (Davila and Beck 2002; Sparrevohn and Rapee 2009), and general social disruption (Aderka et al.”
Background
Nonverbal synchrony predicts premature termination of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder.
Schoenherr, D., Paulick, J., Strauss, B. M., Deisenhofer, A., Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Lutz, W., Stangier, U., & Altmann, U. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000216 · Cited by 57
Socially anxious individuals get a second chance after being disliked at first sight: the role of self-disclosure in the development of likeability in sequential social contact
Voncken, M. J., & Dijk, K. F. L. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9449-4 · Cited by 54
Anxiety in a digitalised work environment
Pfaffinger, K. F., Reif, J. A. M., Spieß, E., & Berger, R. (2020) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-020-00502-4 · Cited by 75
Meta-analysis of the relation between interview anxiety and interview performance.
Powell, D. M., Stanley, D. J., & Brown, K. N. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000108 · Cited by 62
“As well, anxiety could influence interviewers’ rating of performance through an interpretation of nonverbal cues such as not smiling (e.g., Heerey & Kring, 2007) or through exhibiting nervous tics (e.g., Feiler & Powell, 2016).”
Background
Communication competence mediates the link between shyness and relational quality
Arroyo, A., & Harwood, J. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.041 · Cited by 49
“Shy people display higher levels of fidgeting and poor reciprocity of smiling behavior (Heerey & Kring, 2007) and are viewed by others as less friendly, less assertive, and less relaxed (Pilkonis, 1977), and are less verbally competent than their peers (Evans, 1993).”
Background
Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder
Alden, L. E., Buhr, K., Robichaud, M., Trew, J. L., & Plasencia, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000306 · Cited by 48
“They fail to respond to others with genuine smiles and are less able or willing to share others’ positive emotions (e.g., Heerey & Kring, 2007; Kashdan, Ferssizidis, Farmer, Adams, & McKnight, 2013).”
Background
Affiliative zygomatic synchrony in co-present strangers
Golland, Y., Mevorach, D., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40060-4 · Cited by 42
Effect of yoga-based interventions for anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Vousoura, E., Diamond, M. C., & Miller, L. (2019) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000202 · Cited by 41
“It is well-established that ADs result in poor health and decreased quality of life (Creed et al., 2002; de Beurs et al., 1999), poorer relationships (Heerey & Kring, 2007), and increased economic and health care costs (Gregg & Tarrier, 2007).”
Background
An In-Group Advantage in Detecting Intergroup Anxiety
Gray, H. M., Mendes, W. B., & Denny-Brown, C. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02230.x · Cited by 44
“Reassurance seeking is a relatively uncontrollable activity expressed by those who are anxious and fear negative evaluation (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Consumers who avoid relationships: social anxiety in commercial contexts
Delacroix, É., & Guillard, V. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1582 · Cited by 46
Trait social anxiety as a conditional adaptation: A developmental and evolutionary framework
Karasewich, T. A., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2019) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.100886 · Cited by 45
Body Dissatisfaction and Social Anxiety among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Feeling of Inferiority, Family Cohesion and Friendship Quality
Dou, Q., Chang, R., & Xu, H. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10148-1 · Cited by 44
Smiling synchronicity and gaze patterns in dyadic humorous conversations
Gironzetti, E., Pickering, L., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Menjo, S., & Attardo, S. (2016) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2016-0005 · Cited by 37
Chapter 8. Humor and mirth
Attardo, S. (2019) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.302.08att · Cited by 37
Exploring the “Dark Matter” of Social Interaction: Systematic Review of a Decade of Research in Spontaneous Interpersonal Coordination
Ayache, J., Connor, A. M., Marks, S., Kuss, D. J., Rhodes, D., Sumich, A. L., & Heym, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718237 · Cited by 42
Rumination and Excessive Reassurance Seeking: Mediators of the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Depression?
Grant, D. M., Judah, M. R., Mills, A. C., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9399-5 · Cited by 42
“Furthermore, two recent studies implicate excessive reassurance seeking with SAD (Cougle et al. 2012; Heerey and Kring 2007).”
Biased distance estimation in social anxiety disorder: A new avenue for understanding avoidance behavior
Givon‐Benjio, N., Oren‐Yagoda, R., Aderka, I. M., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23086 · Cited by 36
“For instance, self‐protective behaviors such as maintaining physical distance may lead to perceptions of dissimilarity from interaction partners (Voncken, Alden, Bögels, & Roelofs, 2008) or to partners experiencing the interaction as less smooth, coordinated, and enjoyable (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Socially anxious individuals lack unintentional mimicry
Vrijsen, J. N., Lange, W., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.004 · Cited by 39
Modeling Functional Roles Dynamics in Small Group Interactions
Dong, W., Lepri, B., Pianesi, F., & Pentland, A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2012.2225039 · Cited by 35
“Fidgeting is defined as “a condition of restlessness as manifested by nervous movements” [43] and it can reveal important clues about the emotional state of an individual such as boredom, nervousness, impatience, and more in general social anxiety [44].”
Effects of Social Anxiety on Emotional Mimicry and Contagion: Feeling Negative, but Smiling Politely
Dijk, C., Fischer, A. H., Nexhmedin Morina, B., van Eeuwijk, C., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2017) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0266-z · Cited by 40
Parental Psychological Control and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status
Zhang, W., Yu, G., Fu, W., & Li, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811691 · Cited by 40
“Related studies in the field of psychology have found that individuals with social anxiety generally have more difficulty in establishing meaningful interpersonal relationships than those without social anxiety [56].”
Background
Perceived Partner Responsiveness Mediates the Association Between Social Anxiety and Relationship Satisfaction in Committed Couples
Bar‐Kalifa, E., Hen-Weissberg, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.7.587 · Cited by 32
The Costs of Reproductive Success in Male Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago
Higham, J. P., & Dario Maestripieri, A. (2014) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-014-9789-x · Cited by 31
“Such hostile acts may create anxiety, which has often been linked to fidgeting and restlessness in humans (Heerey and Kring 2007; Kavan et al. 2009; Mehrabian and Friedman 1986).”
Background
Implicit learning of social predictions
Heerey, E. A., & Velani, H. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.01.003 · Cited by 31
Categories of Novelty and States of Uncertainty
Kagan, J. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017142 · Cited by 30
“Hence, socially anxious undergraduates in a brief, 5-min interaction with a stranger of the same gender asked fewer questions, issued more polite smiles, fidgeted more often, and sought more reassurance from their partner than minimally anxious students (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Examining the Controversy Surrounding Social Skills in Social Anxiety Disorder: The State of the Literature
Schneider, B. W., & Turk, C. L. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch17 · Cited by 30
Movement synchrony and attachment related anxiety and avoidance in social anxiety disorder.
Schoenherr, D., Strauss, B., Paulick, J., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Boyle, K., Lutz, W., Stangier, U., & Altmann, U. (2021) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000187 · Cited by 29
Reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders and OCD: Construct validation, clinical correlates and CBT treatment response
Rector, N. A., Katz, D. E., Quilty, L. C., Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., & Kay, T. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102109 · Cited by 29
An integrative contextual behavioral model of intimate relations
Kanter, J. W., Kuczynski, A. M., Manbeck, K. E., Corey, M. D., & Wallace, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.001 · Cited by 32
Effect of Stress Level on Different Forms of Self-Touch in Pre- and Postadolescent Girls
Densing, K., Konstantinidis, H., & Seiler, M. (2017) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2017.1367640 · Cited by 28
“Earlier studies found that humans with social anxiety showed a higher amount of self-touch (“fidgeting”) when interacting in dyads as humans without anxiety (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Accurate Empathy, Social Rejection, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Auyeung, K. W., & Alden, L. E. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619885410 · Cited by 25
“They perceive themselves as having few close friends and relationships and can also be viewed less positively in initial social interactions (e.g., Alden & Wallace, 1995; Blöte, Kint, & Westenberg, 2007; Heerey & Kring, 2007; Voncken, Alden, Bögels, & Roelofs, 2008).”
Background
Decoding the Dyad
Heerey, E. A. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415570731 · Cited by 29
“Self-report measures of social ability are equally problematic to interpret, as individuals’ impressions of their social behavior may not be accurate (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Personality and impression management: Mapping the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire onto 12 self-presentation tactics
Sadler, M. E., Hunger, J. M., & Miller, C. J. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.020 · Cited by 26
Personal Strivings to Understand Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety as an Exemplar
Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., & Blalock, D. V. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618804778 · Cited by 26
Pathways to individuality: Evolution and development of personality traits.
Buss, A. H. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13087-000 · Cited by 25
Anxiety-related experience-dependent white matter structural differences in adolescence: A monozygotic twin difference approach
Adluru, N., Luo, Z., Hulle, C. A. V., Schoen, A. J., Davidson, R. J., Alexander, A. L., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08107-6 · Cited by 27
Compassionate and self‐image goals as interpersonal maintenance factors in clinical depression and anxiety
Erickson, T. M., Granillo, M. T., Crocker, J., Abelson, J. L., Reas, H. E., & Quach, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22524 · Cited by 24
“Evidence of such negative reactions from others is present for depression (Starr & Davila, 2008), social anxiety (Heerey & Kring, 2007), and worry and GAD symptoms (Erickson & Newman, 2007), for instance.”
Background
Contagion of Anxiety Symptoms Among Adolescent Siblings: A Twin Study
Poirier, C. S., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12254 · Cited by 22
Reduced reciprocal giving in social anxiety – Evidence from the Trust Game
Anderl, C., Steil, R., Hahn, T., Hitzeroth, P., Reif, A., & Windmann, S. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.10.005 · Cited by 27
Blending in at the cost of losing oneself: dishonest self- disclosure erodes self-concept clarity in social anxiety
Orr, E. M. J., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.044914 · Cited by 21
“Unfortunately, inauthentic self-disclosure often results in negative interpersonal outcomes (Alden & Bieling, 1998; Cuming & Rapee, 2010; Heerey & Kring, 2007; Robinson, Johnson, & Shields, 1995; Voncken & Dijk, 2013) which may only serve to confirm fears of rejection while eroding one’s sense of…”
Background
The Multimodal Performance of Conversational Humor
Gironzetti, E. (2022) · Figurative thought and language · doi:10.1075/ftl.13 · Cited by 22
How Do I Measure Up? The Impact of Observable Signs of Anxiety and Confidence on Interpersonal Evaluations in Social Anxiety
Bielak, T., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9473-4 · Cited by 21
“…subtle self-concealment and self-protection strategies or more overt avoidance behaviours within social contexts (e.g., Alden and Bieling 1998; Heerey and Kring 2007; Papsdorf and Alden 1998; Plasencia et al. 2011; Wenzel et al. 2005), which, in turn, make them seem less warm, approachable,…”
Background
The Effects of Alcohol on Safety Behaviors in Socially Anxious Individuals
Battista, S. R., MacDonald, D., & Stewart, S. H. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.10.1074 · Cited by 21
Social anxiety is related to dominance but not to affiliation as perceived by self and others: A real-life investigation into the psychobiological perspective on social anxiety
Dijk, C., van Emmerik, A., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.050 · Cited by 20
Social anxiety and the ironic effects of positive interviewer feedback
Budnick, C. J., Kowal, M., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2014) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.919386 · Cited by 23
“Moreover, socially anxious individuals neglect subtle social cues during social interactions (e.g., returning a smile with a smile; Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Friendship Experiences and Anxiety Among Children: A Genetically Informed Study
Poirier, C. S., Brendgen, M. R., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.987382 · Cited by 20
“Moreover, anxious individuals’ excessive reassurance-seeking has been found to lead to negative emotions in their interaction partners (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder: Fraternal Twins or Distant Cousins?
Miller, R. S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00005-4 · Cited by 18
Fidgeting Behavior During Psychotherapy: Hand Movement Structure Contains Information About Depressive Symptoms
Reinecke, K. C. H., Dvoretska, D., Joraschky, P., & Lausberg, H. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-020-09465-5 · Cited by 18
“Fidgeting has been defined in a diversity of ways, such as psychomotor agitation of the hands (Heerey and Kring 2007); “average acceleration from both feet” (Belak et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Capturing the Biases of Socially Anxious People by Addressing Partner Effects and Situational Parameters
Kashdan, T., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.07.004 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, our study departs from the usage of confederates as interaction partners (see also Beck, Davila, Farrow, & Grant, 2006; Christensen et al., 2003; Heerey & Kring, 2007; Wenzel, Graff-Dolezal, Macho, & Brendel, 2005).”
Background
Facial affect and interpersonal affiliation: displays of emotion during relationship formation in social anxiety disorder
Pearlstein, S. L., Taylor, C. T., & Stein, M. B. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619825857 · Cited by 17
“…to distinguish whether associations between participant facial displays and others’ desire for future interaction were related to smiling while listening in general or to reciprocity of smiling in particular (as suggested by Heerey & Kring, 2007); this will be an important area for future work.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Hand movements that change during psychotherapy and their relation to therapeutic outcome: An analysis of individual and simultaneous movements
Reinecke, K. C. H., Joraschky, P., & Lausberg, H. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1925989 · Cited by 18
“This study confirms that patients’ hand movements can provide information on therapeutic success, as previous studies linked fidgeting of the hands to anxiety symptoms (Heerey & Kring, 2007; Kang, Rizzo & Gratch, 2012).”
BackgroundResult
The role of interpersonal personality traits and reassurance seeking in eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms among women with bulimia nervosa
Mason, T. B., Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., Joiner, T. E., Mitchell, J. E., Crow, S. J., Klein, M. H., Grange, D. L., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., et al. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.013 · Cited by 17
“However, previous studies have found that social anxiety [22] and shyness [23] are associated with reassurance seeking.”
Background
Disability Severity, Professional Isolation Perceptions, and Career Outcomes: When Does Leader–Member Exchange Quality Matter?
Lyons, B. J., BALDRIDGE, D. C., Yang, L., & Bryan, C. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221143714 · Cited by 16
Stress generation in social anxiety and depression: A two-study community assessment
Goodman, F. R., Birg, J. A., Daniel, K. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.053 · Cited by 20
Smile mimicry smoothens human-virtual human interactions
Fasya, E. L., van den Bos, E., Heylen, D., & Kret, M. E. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103182 · Cited by 20
Pathways from anxiety to stressful events: An expansion of the stress generation hypothesis
Meyer, A. E., & Curry, J. F. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.003 · Cited by 21
“…disorders, at least some studies suggest that reassurance seeking is common to and important in the maintenance of hypochondriasis (Birnie et al., 2013), generalized anxiety disorder (Beesdo‐Baum et al., 2012), panic disorder (Kobori & Salkovskis, 2013), and social anxiety (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Randomized controlled trial of computerized approach/avoidance training in social anxiety disorder: Neural and symptom outcomes
Bomyea, J. A., Sweet, A. M., Davey, D. K., Boland, M., Paulus, M. P., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.054 · Cited by 16
Time to Smile: How Onset Asynchronies Between Reciprocal Facial Expressions Influence the Experience of Responsiveness of a Virtual Agent
Kroczek, L. O. H., & Mühlberger, A. (2023) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-023-00430-z · Cited by 13
“For instance high compared to low social anxious participants were found to show increased mimicry for polite but not genuine smiles (Dijk et al., 2018; Heerey & Kring, 2007), suggesting that social anxious persons might use mimicry in order to avoid conflicts.”
Background
Social Anxiety From the Perspective of Affiliation and Status Systems: Intrapersonal Representations and the Dynamics of Interpersonal Interaction
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Huppert, J. D., & Ginat‐Frolich, R. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231202488 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, interaction partners of individuals with high SA see these exchanges as less coordinated and less enjoyable than partners of individuals with low SA (Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
The Association between Parent and Adult Child Shyness, Social Skills, and Perceived Family Communication
Arroyo, A., Nevárez, N., Segrin, C. G., & Harwood, J. (2012) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2012.686941 · Cited by 15
“Nonverbally, shy people display higher levels of fidgeting, low reciprocity of smiling behavior, and are viewed by others as less friendly, less assertive, and less relaxed (Heerey & Kring, 2007; Pilkonis, 1977).”
Background
How Do I Say This? An Experimental Comparison of the Effects of Partner Feedback Styles on Reassurance Seeking Behaviour
Neal, R. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10007-0 · Cited by 14
Nostalgia Counteracts Social Anxiety and Enhances Interpersonal Competence
Dai, Y., Jiang, T., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231187680 · Cited by 14
“Follow-up investigations could use multiple assessments of social anxiety, including heart rate and skin conductance (Shalom et al., 2015), and multiple measures of interpersonal competence, including informant reports and behavioral indicators (Buhrmester et al., 1988; Heerey & Kring, 2007).”
Background
Physiological correlates of anxiety in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Ko, K. Y., Jones, A., Francis, D. A., Robidoux, S., & McArthur, G. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3388 · Cited by 18
Try to Find Me: Social Anxiety and Peer First Impressions
Aiken, A., Human, L. J., Alden, L. E., & Biesanz, J. C. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.08.001 · Cited by 16
“For example, they respond to partner smiles with artificial rather than genuine smiles (Heerey & Kring, 2007) and have difficulty reciprocating others’ intimate disclosures (e.g., Alden & Bieling, 1998; Sparrevohn & Rapee, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Submissiveness in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Role of Interpersonal Perception and Embarrassment
Sadikaj, G., Moskowitz, D. S., Russell, J. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.1.1 · Cited by 14
The Social Psychology of Emotion
Mesquita, B., Marinetti, C., & Delvaux, E. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n15 · Cited by 15
Social Anxiety and Assertiveness: The Role of Self-Beliefs in Asian Americans and European Americans
Aoki, S. K., Mearns, J., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.39.3.06 · Cited by 13
Nonverbales Verhalten von Patienten mit sozialen Phobien und ihren Therapeuten in psychodynamischen Psychotherapien (Teilprojekt SOPHO-NET)
Kreyenbrink, I., Joraschky, P., Konstantinidis, I., Neumann, N. D., & Lausberg, H. (2017) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2017.63.3.297 · Cited by 14
Depression as A Mediator Between Social Anxiety and Social Networking Addiction
Tang, C. S., & Yogo, M. (2019) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2019/4.1188 · Cited by 14

Authors: Heerey, E. A., & Kring, A. M.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Heerey, Erin A.
Kring, Ann M.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007-02
Volume: 116
Issue: 1
Pages: 125-134
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.125
OpenAlex: W2143592362
Cited by: 252
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 8.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: social anxiety, interpersonal effects, dyadic interaction, reassurance seeking, self-talk, fidgeting, self-focus, interaction quality, positive affect
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Alienation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks