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The verbal threat information pathway to fear in children: The longitudinal effects on fear cognitions and the immediate effects on avoidance behavior.
Open accessAbstract
Verbal information has long been assumed to be an indirect pathway to fear. Children (aged 6-8 or 12-13 years) were exposed to threat, positive, or no information about 3 novel animals to see the long-term impact on their fear cognitions and the immediate impact on avoidance behavior. Their directly (self-report) and indirectly (implicit association task) measured attitudes toward the animals changed congruent with the information provided, and the changes persisted up to 6 months later. Verbal threat information also induced behavioral avoidance of the animal. Younger children formed stronger animal- threat and animal-safe associations because of threat and positive verbal information than older children, but there were negligible age effects on self-reported fear beliefs and avoidance behaviors. These results support theories of fear acquisition that suppose that verbal information affects components of the fear emotion.
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“These tests involve asking the child to approach a feared object or situation and measuring the physical distance from that object or situation, which is used as an estimate of behavioral avoidance (Field et al., 2008; Klein et al., 2011).”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as Field et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Behavioral avoidance tests are the most common method of measuring avoidance.”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as Field et al., 2008
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“The present findings are the first demonstration of equivalent levels of avoidance occasioned by each of three different pathways and add to the existing literature on social transmission of fear [14], the role of verbal instructions in human learning [35,36] and processes of symbolic generalization as an alternative…”
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“2001), displayed more behavioral avoidance of the animal (Field and Lawson 2003), and the children’s fear of the animal persisted over several months (Field et al. 2008).”
BackgroundThe interaction of pathways to fear in childhood anxiety: A preliminary study
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“…and colleagues have shown that children’s avoidant behaviours and fear beliefs are influenced by the information they are given (e.g. Field Hamilton, Knowles, & Plews, 2003; Field, Lawson & Banerjee, 2008; Field & Lawson, 2003; Lawson, Banerjee & Field, 2007; and see Chapter 10, this volume) .”
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“…concerning potential threat on children’s anxious beliefs and behaviors (e.g., Field, Hamilton, Knowles, & Plews, 2003; Field & Lawson, 2003; Field, Lawson, & Banerjee, 2008; Lawson, Banerjee, & Field, 2007; Muris, van Zwol, Huijd-ing, & Mayer, 2010; Remmerswaal, Muris, & Huijding, 2013).”
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“Importantly, these experimentally induced beliefs have been shown to last for up to 6 months (Field et al. 2008), indicating that the acquisition of threat information may have enduring consequences for child fears.”
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Self-citationExperimental modification of interpretation bias regarding social and animal fear in children.
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Self-citationLester, K., Field, A., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.618449 · Cited by 39
“This task has previously been shown to be sensitive to detecting the differential effects of positive and threat verbal information on children's fear-related avoidance behavior (Field & Lawson, 2003 ; Field, Lawson, & Banerjee, 2008 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiller, L. E. (2014) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838013517563 · Cited by 44
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“For example, they argue that anxious parents will provide both anxiety-specific verbal information and observational learning opportunities for their child, both of which have been shown to have a causal role in the development of child anxiety (Field, Lawson, & Banerjee, in press ; Murray, Cooper, Creswell, Schofield…”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang, Y., Yang, H., Cheng, P., & Luqman, A. (2019) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment · doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1503931 · Cited by 33
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“…several months (Askew & Field, 2007; Field, Lawson, & Banerjee, 2008), drive avoidance behaviors (e.g. Askew & Field, 2007; Field & Lawson, 2003; Field et al., 2008), cause physiological changes (Field & Schorah, 2007), attentional biases (Field, 2006a), bias future contingency learning (Field…”
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“Other research has also shown that when more consistent verbal information is used than was used in Experiment 1, the expectancy evaluations/fear beliefs it creates are reliable, strong and persistent (e.g. Field and Lawson, 2003; Field et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationField, A. P., Ball, J. E., Kawycz, N. J., & Moore, H. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003736 · Cited by 33
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Self-citationAn ERP study of the interaction between verbal information and conditioning pathways to fear
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“…learning (or modeling) and verbal learning of others ’ (Askew & Field, 2008; Burtstein & Ginsburg, 2010; Dunne & Askew, 2013; Field & Lawson, 2003; Field, Lawson, & Banerjee, 2008) and mothers ’ (Bunaciu et al., 2014; Dubi, Rapee, Emerton, & Schniering, 2008; Dunne & Askew, 2013; Gerull & Rapee,…”
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“Field, Lawson, and Banerjee (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.010 Received 26 June 2017; Received in revised form 21 August 2017; Accepted 24 August 2017 ☆ Acknowledgements: S.B. is supported by FWO - Research Foundation Flanders (12K6316N).”
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“This could be through verbal information (Field, Lawson and Banerjee, 2008) transmitted mainly via acoustic events, hence the superiority of the spoken presentation modality in inducing a negative interpretation bias.”
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“This experiment also supports existing research showing that verbal threat information is sufficient to induce behavioural avoidance (Field and Lawson, 2003), cognitions (Field et al., 2008) and physiological arousal (Field and Schorah, 2007).”
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Self-citationVerbal Information Transfer in Real-Life: When Mothers Worry About Their Child Starting School
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“Using this approach, studies have shown that negative (threat) information increases child fear beliefs, behavioural avoidance, and negative implicit attitudes toward the novel stimuli (Field et al. 2001, 2008; Field and Lawson 2003).”
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“In line with Field et al. (2008) if the participant had not approached the box within 15 s, it was assumed that they were unwilling to stroke the given animal and for ethical reasons the experimenter moved on.”
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“Field, Lawson, and Banerjee (2008) found support for the effect of verbal information on persistent fear acquisition in children.”
BackgroundParenting Strategies to Deal with Children’s Anxiety: Do Parents Do What They Say They Do?
Beato, A. F., Pereira, A. I., & Barros, L. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0670-3 · Cited by 9
Direct and Indirect Learning Pathways to Disgust
Reynolds, G., & Askew, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84486-8_5 · Cited by 5
Zeytinoglu, S., White, L. K., Morales, S., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14169 · Cited by 7
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Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Grills, A. E., Seligman, L. D., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch22 · Cited by 5
An Examination of the Relationship Between Parent Language and Child Anxiety
Hosey, R., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2012) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2012.707089 · Cited by 4
“In addition, negatively valenced emotion language has been linked to the development of phobias in children (Field & Davey, 2001; Field et al., 2003, 2008).”
BackgroundAmbiguous Information and the Verbal Information Pathway to Fear in Children
Dalrymple-Alford, S., & Salmon, K. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9878-z · Cited by 4
Do you think I should be scared? The effect of peer discussion on children's fears
Ooi, J., Dodd, H. F., Stuijfzand, B. G., Walsh, J., & Broeren, S. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.009 · Cited by 4
“Finally, as previous research (e.g., Field & Lawson, 2003; Field et al., 2008) has consistently shown that school-aged children in the UK did not have prior knowledge about the Cuscus and the Quoll, children's familiarity with these animals were not measured in the present study.”
MethodOhl, M., Fox, P., & Mitchell, K. (2013) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v3n2p204 · Cited by 4
Viana, A. G., Trent, E. S., Conroy, H. E., & Raines, E. M. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118686089.ch8 · Cited by 4
Caiado, B., Canavarro, M. C., Pereira, A. I., & Moreira, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10102-3 · Cited by 3
“These tests involve asking the child to approach a feared object or situation and measuring the physical distance from that object or situation, which is used as an estimate of behavioral avoidance (Field et al., 2008; Klein et al., 2011).”
Gibb, J. (2014) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 3
Benoit, K. E. (2013) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 3
Emotion understanding in infants and young children: How input shapes emotional development
LoBue, V., Casasola, M., & Oakes, L. M. (2025) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2025.07.003 · Cited by 2
de Albuquerque, J. E. G., Munsch, S., Margraf, J., & Schneider, S. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0337-7 · Cited by 2
“a stimuli may alter children’s cognitive thoughts and increase their fear levels when the stimuli is encountered again [11–14], research considering the potential role of these particular learning processes for the development of PD is still scarce [15].”
BackgroundMilovanović, T., Ajanović, A., & Živčić–Bećirević, I. (2022) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.31.2.3 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Positive Verbal Information on Reducing Fears About Bats in School-Aged Children
Williams, K. (2014) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 2
Nowakowski, M. E., Rogojanski, J., & Antony, M. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt41 · Cited by 2
Huijding, J., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2010) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7640-7_5
Koerner, N., Rogojanski, J., & Antony, M. M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781919.007
Beckett, J. L., & Harmon, A. A. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/7744507
Dating Anxiety and Paternal Dating Rules
Brice, C. S. (2012) · doi:10.33915/etd.103
“The fear conditioning to the novel animal is also resistant to changes over time in that children continued to display fear and avoidance of the marsupial at a six-month follow up (Field et al., 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Field, A. P., Lawson, J., & Banerjee, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 214-224
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2088224337
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (R000239591)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- fear acquisition, avoidance behavior, children, implicit association task, fear beliefs, age differences, fear conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Escape Reaction, Fear, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Verbal Behavior, Disclosure
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