A meta-analysis of ratee race effects in performance ratings.
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Raters often prefer white men to similarly productive women and non-whites.
“Studies suggest that raters often prefer white men to similarly productive women and non-whites (Hamner et al., 1974;Heilman, 1995;Kraiger and Ford, 1985;Oppler et al., 1992;Pulakos et al., 1989;Roth et al., 2003;Tsui and Gutek, 1984).”
From Are Diversity Programs Merely Ceremonial? Evidence-Free Institutionalization (2017) · cites this paper as Kraiger and Ford, 1985
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- Authors
- Kraiger, K., & Ford, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1985-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-65
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2025155989
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 14.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- racial bias, performance ratings, performance evaluation (human resources)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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