Unveiling the dark side of social networking sites: Personal and work-related consequences of social networking site addiction

Moqbel, Murad; Kock, Ned

doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.05.001

Cited by 269Cyberloafing and Workplace BehaviorImpact of Technology on AdolescentsPersonal Information Management and User Behavior

Unveiling the dark side of social networking sites: Personal and work-related consequences of social networking site addiction

Moqbel, Murad, Kock, Ned·2018·Information & Management

DOI 10.1016/j.im.2017.05.001

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Abstract

Although previous research has explored the effects of social networking site (SNS) use in organizations, researchers have focused little on its negative consequences. This article attempts to fill this void by examining, through the lens of social cognitive theory, the extent SNS addiction impacts personal and work environments . The results, based on 276 questionnaires completed by employees in a large information technology corporation, show that addiction to SNSs has negative consequences on the personal and work environments . SNS addiction reduces positive emotions that augment performance and enhance health. SNS addiction fosters task distraction, which inhibits performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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The measurement model fit is good, as indicated by APC=0.281, p<0.001; ARS=0.802, p<0.001; average adjusted R-squared=0.800, p<0.001; AFVIF=3.047; Tenenhaus GoF=0.604.
“Moreover, the measurement model fit and quality indices were [average path coefficient (APC)= 0.281 , p<0.001; average R-squared (ARS)= 0.802 , p<0.001; average adjusted R-squared= 0.800 , p<0.001; average full collinearity VIF (AFVIF)= 3.047 , acceptable if ≤0.5, ideally ≤3.3; Tenenhaus GoF= 0.604 , small≤0.1, medium ≥0.25, large ≥0.36]. Hence, these statistical results suggest that the”
From Big data analytics and artificial intelligence pathway to operational performance under the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and environmental dynamism: A study of manufacturing organisations (2020) · cites this paper as Moqbel and Kock, 2018

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Big data analytics and artificial intelligence pathway to operational performance under the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and environmental dynamism: A study of manufacturing organisations
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Social media fatigue -Technological antecedents and the moderating roles of personality traits: The case of WeChat
Xiao, L., & Mou, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
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Role stressors, job satisfaction, and employee creativity: The cross-level moderating role of social media use within teams
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Tracing 20 years of research on problematic use of the internet and social media: Theoretical models, assessment tools, and an agenda for future work
Moretta, T., Buodo, G., Demetrovics, Z., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152286 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: The mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong
Yin, L., Wang, P., Nie, J., Guo, J., Feng, J., & Lei, L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00344-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Being ignored at work: Understanding how and when spiritual leadership curbs workplace ostracism in the hospitality industry
Ali, M., Usman, M., Pham, N. T., Agyemang‐Mintah, P., & Akhtar, N. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102696 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Uncovering the roles of retail brand experience and brand love in the apparel industry: Non-linear structural equation modelling approach
Nikhashemi, S. R., Jebarajakirthy, C., & Nusair, K. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.014 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
How to improve employee satisfaction and efficiency through different enterprise social media use
Ma, L., Zhang, X., Yan, D. X., & Jianxiang, F. (2020) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-10-2019-0321 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The effects of using social network sites on academic performance: the case of Qatar
Al-Yafi, K., El-Masri, M., & Tsai, R. (2018) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-08-2017-0118 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dealing with social networking site addiction: a cognitive-affective model of discontinuance decisions
Vaghefi, I., Qahri‐Saremi, H., & Turel, O. (2020) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2019-0418 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Dark side of enterprise social media usage: A literature review from the conflict-based perspective
Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Fu, J., Hu, F., Xiang, Y., & Sun, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102393 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Exploring the determinants of students’ academic performance at university level: The mediating role of internet usage continuance intention
Maqableh, M., Jaradat, M., & Azzam, A. A. A. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10453-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Personality traits, psychological well-being, Facebook addiction, health and performance: testing their relationships
Nikbin, D., Iranmanesh, M., & Foroughi, B. (2021) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1722749 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A review of enterprise social media: visualization of landscape and evolution
Li, Y., Shi, S., Wu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-07-2020-0389 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Excessive SNS use at work, technological conflicts and employee performance: A social-cognitive-behavioral perspective
Saleem, S., Feng, Y., & Luqman, A. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101584 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of excessive online social gaming: a social learning perspective
Gong, X., Zhang, K. Z. K., Chen, C., Cheung, C. M. K., & Lee, M. (2019) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-03-2018-0138 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Does usage of enterprise social media affect employee turnover? Empirical evidence from Chinese companies
Lu, Y., Deng, S., & Pan, T. (2019) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-03-2018-0140 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The association between excessive social media use and distraction: an eye movement tracking study
Xie, J.-Q., Rost, D. H., Wang, F.-X., Wang, J.-L., & Monk, R. L. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103415 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The dark side of news community forums: opinion manipulation trolls
Mihaylov, T., Mihaylova, T., Nakov, P., Màrquez, L., Georgiev, G. D., & Koychev, I. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-03-2017-0118 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How to build employees' relationship capital through different enterprise social media platform use: the moderating role of innovation culture
Ma, L., Zhang, X., Wang, G., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2020-0022 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The impact of enterprise social media use on employee performance: a grounded theory approach
Ma, L., Zhang, X., & Wang, G. (2021) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-08-2020-0331 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Relationships Among Social Media Intensity, Smartphone Addiction, and Subjective Wellbeing of Turkish College Students
Koç, T., & Turan, A. H. (2020) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-020-09857-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The impact of excessive social media use at work: a usage experience–stressor–strain perspective
Yu, L., Zhong, Y., Sun, Y., & Qin, G. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2054358 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social Networking Site Use and Loneliness: A Meta-Analysis
Zhang, L., Li, C., Zhou, T., Li, Q., & Gu, C. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2101420 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Measuring the extent and nature of use of Social Networking Sites in Medical Education (SNSME) by university students: Results of a multi-center study
Guraya, S. Y., Almaramhy, H. H., Al-Qahtani, M. F., Guraya, S. S., Bouhaimed, M., & Bilal, B. (2018) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2018.1505400 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Integrating an information systems success model with perceived privacy, perceived security, and trust: the moderating role of Facebook addiction
Maqableh, M., Hmoud, H., Jaradat, M., & Masa’deh, R. M. T. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07899 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Path to Hedonic Information System Use Addiction: A Process Model in the Context of Social Networking Sites
Vaghefi, I., Negoita, B., & Lapointe, L. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1109 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study of Moderated Mediation between Perceptions of Politics and Employee Turnover Intentions: The Role of Job Anxiety and Political Skills
Haider, S., Fatima, N. E., & De‐Pablos‐Heredero, C. (2020) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2020a1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
From envy to social anxiety and rumination: How social media site addiction triggers task distraction amongst nurses
Majid, A., Yasir, M., Javed, A., & Ali, P. A. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12948 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Excessive enterprise social media usage and employee creativity: An application of the transactional theory of stress and coping
Si, W., Khan, N. A., Ali, M., Amin, M. W., & Pan, Q. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103811 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Millennial’s perception on cyberloafing: workplace deviance or cultural norm?
Chavan, M., Galperin, B. L., Ostle, A., & Behl, A. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1956588 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social Networking Site Use, Positive Emotions, and Job Performance
Kock, N., & Moqbel, M. (2019) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2019.1571457 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Scale development for analyzing the fit of real and virtual world integration: an example of Pokémon Go
Shiau, W., & Huang, L.-C. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-11-2020-0793 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shyness, self-esteem, and loneliness as causes of FA: The moderating effect of low self-control
Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00465-w · Cited by 41 · see citing works
New Moralities for New Media? Assessing the Role of Social Media in Acts of Terror and Providing Points of Deliberation for Business Ethics
Rauf, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-020-04635-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Exploring the antecedents of social network service fatigue: a socio-technical perspective
Xiao, L., Mou, J., & Huang, L. (2019) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-04-2019-0231 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The dark side of social media connectivity
Tang, G., Ren, S., Chadee, D. D., & Yuan, S. (2019) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/ijopm-05-2019-0391 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Cognitive-Emotional Model From Mobile Short-Form Video Addiction to Intermittent Discontinuance: The Moderating Role of Neutralization
Feng, Y., Li, L., & Zhao, A. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2147714 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Problematic social media use is statistically predicted by using social media for coping motives and by positive reinforcement processes in individuals with high COVID-19-related stress levels
Moretta, T., Buodo, G., Santucci, V. G., Chen, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.036 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Toward the classification of social media use disorder: Clinical characterization and proposed diagnostic criteria
Moretta, T., & Wegmann, E. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100603 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Evaluating the effects of social networking sites addiction, task distraction, and self‐management on nurses' performance
Javed, A., Yasir, M., Majid, A., Shah, H. A., Islam, E. U., Asad, S., & Khan, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14167 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Factors influencing social-media-based entrepreneurship prospect among female students in China
Emmanuel, C. P., Su, Q., Hossain, S. F. A., & Hussain, K. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12041 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The regulation of and through information technology: Towards a conceptual ontology for IS research
Butler, T., Gozman, D., & Lyytinen, K. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962231181147 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exploring the dark-side of E-HRM: a study of social networking sites and deviant workplace behavior
Nayak, S., Budhwar, P. S., Pereira, V. E., & Malik, A. (2021) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-03-2021-0125 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Facilitating or inhibiting? The role of enterprise social media use in job performance
Shang, Y., Pan, Y., & Richards, M. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-04-2021-0268 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Employee use of public social media: theories, constructs and conceptual frameworks
Chen, Q., Hu, J., Zhang, W., Evans, R. D., & Ma, X. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1733089 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ergenlerde dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile sosyal beceriler arasındaki ilişki
Aslan, H., Başcıllar, M., & Karataş, K. (2022) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1033761 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Moderating role of addiction to social media usage in managing cultural intelligence and cultural identity change
Hu, S., Hu, L., & Wang, G. (2020) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2019-0518 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study of Moderated Mediation Between High-Performance Work Systems and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Role of Relational Coordination and Peer Justice Climate
Haider, S., De‐Pablos‐Heredero, C., & De-Pablos-Heredero, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00792 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Exploring determinants of social media addiction in higher education through the integrated lenses of technology acceptance model (TAM) and usage habit
Paiman, N., & Fauzi, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-03-2023-0114 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Modelling the role of social media usage in improving users well-being: a social enhancement model perspective
Bodhi, R., Singh, T., & Joshi, Y. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-03-2021-0152 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Problematic social network use: Its antecedents and impact upon classroom performance
Zimmer, J. C. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104368 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Unmasking the bright–dark duality of social media use on psychological well-being: a large-scale longitudinal study
Lin, Y., Fu, S., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-05-2022-0320 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Investigating challenge and hindrance appraisals of enterprise social media use among hospitality employees: A technostress perspective
Shi, S., Zhao, H.-L., Li, H., Zhang, M.-Y., & Leung, W. K. S. (2023) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104814 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Association Between Neuroticism and Problematic Social Networking Sites Use: The Role of Fear of Missing out and Self-Control
Gugushvili, N., Täht, K., Schruff-Lim, E.-M., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Verduyn, P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221142003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A tool and a tyrant: Social media and well-being in organizational contexts
van Zoonen, W., Treem, J. W., & ter Hoeven, C. L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101300 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Examining the dark side of using gamification elements in online community engagement: an application of PLS-SEM and ANN modeling
Srivastava, G., Bag, S., Rahman, M. S., Pretorius, J. H. C., & Gani, M. O. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-03-2022-0160 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Disclosing the bright side of SNs in the workplace
Olfat, M., Tabarsa, G. A., Ahmadi, S., & Shokouhyar‎, S. (2019) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-10-2018-0215 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Preventing relapse to information technology addiction through weakening reinforcement: A self-regulation perspective
Chen, C., Zhang, K. Z. K., Gong, X., Lee, M., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2021.103485 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Addiction to Social Networking Sites and User Responses
Qahri‐Saremi, H., Vaghefi, I., & Turel, O. (2021) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3508484.3508489 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Citizen behaviors, enterprise social media and firm performance
Caya, O., & Mosconi, E. P. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-07-2020-0514 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Organizational deviance via social networking site use: The roles of inhibition, stress and sex differences
Turel, O. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Unveiling the dark side in smartphone addiction: mediation of strain and moderation of hedonic use on well-being
Moqbel, M., Nevo, S., & Nah, F. F. (2022) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2021-0003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationship between perceived social media addiction and social media applications frequency usage among university students
Allahverdi, F. Z. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22662 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prevalence and Motives of Social Media Use among the Iranian Population
Chegeni‬‬, M., Nakhaee, N., Shahrbabaki, M. E., Shahrbabaki, P. M., Javadi, S., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2022/1490227 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Technology distraction in Generation Z: The effects on consumer responses, sensory overload, and discomfort
Priporas, C., Hussain, S., Khaneja, S., & Rahman, H. (2024) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102751 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Understanding speculative investment behavior in the Bitcoin context from a dual-systems perspective
Ryu, H.-S., & Ko, K. S. (2019) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-10-2018-0441 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How social networking site addiction drives university students’ academic achievement: The mediating role of learning engagement
Li, Y., Yao, C., Zeng, S., Wang, X., Lu, T., Li, C., Lan, J., & You, X. (2019) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2019.12 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rethinking online friction in the information society
Tomalin, M. (2022) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962211067812 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Online Self-Disclosure Through Social Networking Sites Addiction: A Case Study of Pakistani University Students
Kanwal, S., Pitafi, A. H., Akhtar, S., & Irfan, M. (2019) · Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems · doi:10.7906/indecs.17.1.18 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Organizational commitment and work-related implementation of enterprise social networks (ESNs): the mediating roles of employees' organizational concern and prosocial values
Olfat, M., Shokouhyar‎, S., Ahmadi, S., Tabarsa, G. A., & Sedaghat, A. (2020) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-04-2019-0124 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Examining the failure of gamification in implementing innovation from the perspective of problematization in the retail sectors of emerging economies
Behl, A., Jayawardena, N., Bhardwaj, S., Pereira, V., del Giudice, M., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102902 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How adolescents lose control over social networks: A process-based approach to problematic social network use
Ciudad-Fernández, V., Zarco-Alpuente, A., Escrivá‐Martínez, T., Herrero, R., & Baños, R. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Customer centricity: an empirical analysis in the micro-sized firm
Osakwe, C. N. (2019) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2019.1566268 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The fentanyl crisis & the dark side of social media
Al‐Rawi, A. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101280 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Social comparison of ability and fear of missing out mediate the relationship between subjective well-being and social network site addiction
Steinberger, P., & Kim, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157489 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“SNS addiction occurs when users are obsessively concerned about SNS, with a strong motivation to use SNS and invest excessive time and effort online, thereby negatively impacting important life domains such as social activities, work, and relationships, mental health and well-being (Andreassen and Pallesen, 2014; Donn…”
Background
The influence of organizational commitment on employee green behavior: mediating role of work-related social media use
Bodhi, R., Chaturvedi, S., & Purohit, S. (2024) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-10-2023-0624 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Needs and Facebook addiction: How important are psychological well-being and performance-approach goals?
Annamalai, N., Foroughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., & Buathong, S. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00516-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Emotion and Cognition in Information System
Shiau, W., Shi, P., & Yuan, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.4018/ijeis.2021010107 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Standards and Discrepancy Perfectionism in Maladaptive Consumption
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Authors: Moqbel, M., & Kock, N.
Affiliations: University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
Texas A&M International University (US)
Corresponding author: Moqbel, Murad
ORCID: Moqbel, Murad
Kock, Ned
Venue: Information & Management
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-01
Volume: 55
Issue: 1
Pages: 109-119
ISSN: 0378-7206 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2017.05.001
OpenAlex: W2611775277
Cited by: 269
References: 125
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 53.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Information & Management (publishedVersion)
ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Demography › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
Keywords: social networking sites, personal consequences, social cognitive theory, employee performance, positive emotions, employee health, information technology employees

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Unveiling the dark side of social networking sites: Personal and work-related consequences of social networking site addiction

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