Cited by 9,098Smoking Behavior and CessationBehavioral Health and InterventionsSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.

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Prochaska, James O., DiClemente, Carlo C.·1983·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Abstract

An integrative model of change was applied to the study of 872 Ss (mean age 40 yrs) who were changing their smoking habits on their own. Ss represented the following 5 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, and relapse. 10 processes of change were expected to receive differential emphases during particular stages of change. Results indicate that Ss (a) used the fewest processes of change during precontemplation; (b) emphasized consciousness raising during the contemplation stage; (c) emphasized self-reevaluation in both contemplation and action stages; (d) emphasized self-liberation, a helping relationship, and reinforcement management during the action stage; and (e) used counterconditioning and stimulus control the most in both action and maintenance stages. Relapsers responded as a combination of contemplaters and people in action would. Results are discussed in terms of developing a model of self-change of smoking and enhancing a more integrative general model of change. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.

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Authors: Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Prochaska, James O.
DiClemente, Carlo C.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1983
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 390-395
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390
OpenAlex: W2021604300
Cited by: 9,098
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 332 · 2025: 317 · 2024: 257 · 2023: 238 · 2022: 344 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 379 · 2019: 314 · 2018: 292 · 2017: 296 · 2016: 344 · 2015: 381 · 2014: 400 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 391
FWCI: 9.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
digitalcommons.uri.edu
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: smoking cessation, self-change, stages of change, change processes, precontemplation, contemplation, action stage, maintenance, relapse, consciousness raising, self-liberation, helping relationship, counterconditioning, stimulus control
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Humans, Motivation, Set, Psychology

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Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.

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