Cited by 215Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceCrime Patterns and InterventionsPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

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Testing a typology of batterers

Waltz, Jennifer, Babcock, Julia C., Jacobson, Neil S., Gottman, John M.·2000·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.658

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Abstract

A. Holtzworth-Munroe and G. L. Stuart (1994) proposed a tripartite typology of men who batter their female partners based on the severity of violence, extent of violence, and personality disorder characteristics. The current study attempts to empirically validate this typology using data from 75 domestically violent (DV) men and their partners, and 32 maritally distressed, nonviolent (DNV) comparison couples. Mixture analysis results generally supported the model, although 2 types were not distinguishable on personality disorder characteristics as predicted. Generally violent batterers were significantly more violent within and outside the relationship. The pathological group was moderately violent within and outside the relationship and endorsed numerous psychological symptoms. Family-only batterers endorsed fewer symptoms and were less violent. Violence in the family of origin, attachment, and communication skills also differentiated the 3 types and DNV men.

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“Differences in social dominance orientation among men may help explain why some men batter while similarly situated others do not (see also Waltz, Babcock, Jacobson, & Gottman, 2000 ).”
Background
Attachment, interpersonal problems, and treatment outcome in group therapy for intimate partner violence.
Lawson, D. M., & Brossart, D. F. (2009) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0017043 · Cited by 48
“This result is consistent with most attachment research with nonclinical samples, suggesting that no or less IPV is associated with more comfort with closeness and depending on others (lower avoidance; Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 1997; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Method
Comprehensive Evaluation: A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Domestic Violence Offender Programmes
Bowen, E., & Gilchrist, E. (2004) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x03259471 · Cited by 41
“…and stand in stark contrast to “family only” offenders who evidence little or no psychopathology, low levels of anger, prodomestic violence attitudes, and low levels of legal/criminal involvement with violence restrained to family members (Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Background
Threatened and Attempted Suicide by Partner-Violent Male Respondents Petitioned to Family Violence Court
Conner, K. R., Cerulli, C., & Caine, E. D. (2002) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.17.2.115.33645 · Cited by 39
“Although the latter may not represent the most violent subgroup of partner-violent men (Tweed & Dutton, 1998), they have been shown to engage in more severe partner violence compared to men who do not demonstrate marked psychopathology and are not violent outside the home (Hamberger et al., 1996; HoltzworthMunroe et a…”
Background
Correlates of Violence History Among Injured Patients in an Urban Emergency Department
Walton, M. A., Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Maio, R. F., Blow, F. C., & Weber, J. (2007) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v26n03_07 · Cited by 39
Intimate partner violence: Are the risk factors similar for men and women, and similar to other types of offending?
Thornton, A., Graham‐Kevan, N., & Archer, J. E. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21635 · Cited by 42
Family-Only Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review
Petersson, J., & Strand, S. J. M. (2018) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018770410 · Cited by 37
“…IPV (Babcock et al., 2008; Chiffriller & Hennessy, 2006; Cunha & Gonçalves, 2013; Delsol et al., 2003; Huss & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2006; Huss & Ralston, 2008; Johnson & Goodlin-Fahncke, 2015; Serie, van Tilburg, van Dam, & de Ruiter, 2015; Stoops, Bennett, & Vincent, 2010; Waltz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Risk factors for intimate partner violence in prison inmates
Hernández, J. A. R., García-Jiménez, J. J., Llor‐Esteban, B., & Fernández, C. G. (2015) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.003 · Cited by 35
Battering typologies, attachment insecurity, and personality disorders: A comprehensive literature review
Cameranesi, M. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.005 · Cited by 35
An Evaluation of a Court-Mandated Batterer Intervention Program: Investigating Differential Program Effect for African American and White Women
Carney, M. M., & Buttell, F. (2006) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731506289115 · Cited by 33
Pathologies of Attachment, Violence, and Criminality
Meloy, J. R. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1125 · Cited by 31
Subtypes of Batterers in Treatment: Empirical Support for a Distinction between Type I, Type II and Type III
Graña, J. L., Redondo, N., Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., & Cantos, A. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110651 · Cited by 33
“While there has been widespread interest in the topic, efforts to replicate the three part batterer typology of Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart [3] have met with mixed success [4,5,8,9].”
Background
Domestic violence in Iran: A literature review
Pournaghash-Tehrani, S. (2010) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.001 · Cited by 36
Sexual aggression in intimate relationships.
Monson, C. M., Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., & Taft, C. T. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11880-002 · Cited by 32
El conflicto de pareja como variable asociada a la violencia de género contra la mujer : consecuencias sobre la salud sexual y mental
Murillo, F. H., Vives, C. C., & Rubio, M. (2004) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.9.num.1.2004.3967 · Cited by 30
Negative Affect, Alcohol Consumption, and Female-to-Male Intimate Partner Violence: A Daily Diary Investigation
Crane, C. A., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2013) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.3.332 · Cited by 29
Interpersonal Problems and Personality Features as Mediators Between Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence
Lawson, D. M., & Brossart, D. F. (2013) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00031 · Cited by 29
Understanding a New Typology of Batterers: Implications for Treatment
Chiffriller, S. H., Hennessy, J. J., & Zappone, M. C. (2006) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880500263182 · Cited by 28
“Other studies ( Lawson et al, 2003 ; Waltz et al, 2000 ) that attempted to empirically validate the model supported the findings of the original typology for some descriptive measures (eg, severity of violence, Lawson et al, 2003 ), but not others (eg, personality disorder characteristics, Waltz et al, 2000 ).”
Result
Dialectical Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Abusive Behavior
Waltz, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v07n01_05 · Cited by 29
“This intensive level of treatment may not be needed for PA men who fit the profile of a “family only” type, who typically do not engage in severe or frequent violence, and who tend to have minimal psychopathology (Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994; Waltz et al., 2000) for whom traditional forms of treatment may be more…”
Background
Correlates of Psychological Abuse Perpetration in College Dating Relationships
Gormley, B., & Lopez, F. G. (2010) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00044.x · Cited by 28
“Narcissistic entitlement was a robust indicator of men’s, but not of women’s, perpetration of psychological abuse, which is a result that extends previous studies that have indicated that the association between narcissism and men’s perpetration of physical violence (Tweed & Dutton, 1998; Waltz et al., 2000) also appl…”
Result
Understanding Couple Conflict
RHOADES, G. K., Pleasant, N. D., Whitton, S. W., & Markman, H. J. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.025 · Cited by 28
The Relevance of Long‐Term Antecedents in Assessing the Risk of Familicide‐Suicide Following Separation
Sachmann, M., & Harris Johnson, C. M. (2014) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2317 · Cited by 31
Understanding Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Adult Attachment in Sexual Offenders and Partner-Violent Men
Loinaz, I., Sánchez, L. M., & Vilella, A. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518759977 · Cited by 29
“The results do not confirm the Hypothesis 5 regarding insecure attachment indicated by previous studies (Ansbro, 2008; Babcock, Jacobson, Gottman, & Yerington, 2000; Beech & Mitchell, 2009; Forbes & Reilly, 2011; Ross & Pfäfflin, 2007; Timmerman & Emmelkamp, 2005; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Result
Subclinical psychopathic traits and romantic attachment in community couples: A dyadic approach
Savard, C., Brassard, A., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.014 · Cited by 25
“…avoidance, is two to three times higher in criminal samples than in the general population (Frodi et al., 2001; Levinson & Fonagy, 2004; Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997) and highly prevalent in generally violent-antisocial male batterers (Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000; Waltz et al., 2000).”
Background
Men Who Use Violence: Intimate Violence Versus Non-Intimate Violence Profiles
Lawson, D. M., Weber, D., Beckner, H. M., Robinson, L., Marsh, N., & Cool, A. (2003) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.2003.18.3.259 · Cited by 26

Authors: Waltz, J., Babcock, J. C., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Montana (US)
University of Houston (US)
ORCID: Babcock, Julia C.
Jacobson, Neil S.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Pages: 658-669
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.658
OpenAlex: W2008299012
Cited by: 215
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 7.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k02mh000257-09, 1r37mh044063-01a1, 5r01mh043101-06)
National Institute of Mental Health (5R37-MH44063-04, 5RO1 MH 43101-04, K02-MH00257)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: domestic violence, batterer typology, intimate partner violence, personality disorders, mixture analysis, attachment, communication skills, marital distress, psychological symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Models, Psychological, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Self Disclosure, Spouse Abuse, Violence, Cluster Analysis

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