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Race, Color-Blind Racial Attitudes, and Judgments About Mental Health: A Shifting Standards Perspective.
Abstract
A fictitious counseling center intake report was given to a sample of 158 White graduate students in counseling and clinical psychology to examine the impact of reported client race (Black or White) on perceptions of clients' symptom severity. As predicted by the shifting standards model of social judgment (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. E. Nelson, 1991), participants judged the Black target to be significantly less symptomatic than the White target. After controlling for social desirability (measured as motivation to respond without prejudice; E. A. Plant & P. G. Devine, 1998), a significant interaction effect showed that color-blind racial attitudes (H. A. Neville, R. L. Lilly, G. Duran, R. M. Lee, & L. Browne, 2000) were positively related to symptom perception for the Black target but not the White target. The shift in assessment (rating the Black target more favorably than an identical White target) was more evident for participants with lower levels of color-blind attitudes. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
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The ICII-R is a 13-item questionnaire that assesses participants' beliefs regarding their level of clinical concern, with lower composite scores indicating less clinical concern and higher scores indicating more clinical concern.
“The ICII-R (Clarke, 2009;Gushue, 2004) is a 13-item questionnaire that reviews participant beliefs regarding their level of clinical concern.”
From Examining Counselor Trainees’ Clinical Impressions of Pornography Use: Implications for Couple and Family Counselors (2026) · cites this paper as Gushue, 2004
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racial triangulation and shifting standards in mental health assessments
Gushue, G. V., Lee, T. R., & Kim, J. E. (2022) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12420 · Cited by 6
Self-citationFlinchum, M. R., Bradley, L. J., Noble, N., & Jung, K. (2026) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807261505019
Metadata
- Authors
- Gushue, G. V.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gushue, George V.
- ORCID
- Gushue, George V.
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 398-407
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2072309408
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- social judgment, perceived symptom severity, Black clients, social desirability, counselor perceptions
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