Examining Counselor Trainees’ Clinical Impressions of Pornography Use: Implications for Couple and Family Counselors

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence have created additional avenues for accessing and producing highly customizable pornographic content.

“Pornography has become increasingly accessible since the advent of the internet (Cooper, 1998), but recent advances in generative artificial intelligence have created additional avenues for accessing and producing highly customizable pornographic content (Döring et al., 2025).”

• cites Döring et al., 2025 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Small adjustments to the overall study do not diminish the replicatory nature and value of the new scholarship.

“Furthermore, they argued that small adjustments to the overall study do not diminish the replicatory nature and value of the new scholarship.”

• cites Nosek and Errington (2020) sourcePartly supported

  In “Replication redux,” the authors define replication by whether its outcomes test a prior claim, rather than by exact repetition of procedures. This supports the idea that adjustments need not disqualify a study as a replication. But “Replication resolved” explains that a seemingly small difference can matter: seasonal differences in frogs meant some attempted replications were not studying the same thing. The claim is too categorical in saying small adjustments do not diminish replicatory status. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The disconnect between pornography consumption and perceptions of pornography consumption can be divisive at the societal, relational, and individual levels.

“This disconnect between pornography consumption and perceptions of pornography consumption can be divisive at the societal (Borgogna et al., 2022;Grubbs et al., 2019), relational (Maas et al., 2018;Perry, 2016Perry, , 2018)), and individual levels (Grubbs et al., 2018;Grubbs & Gola, 2019;Lewczuk et al., 2020).”

• cites Borgogna et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Grubbs et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Maas et al., 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

By internalizing the standards, beliefs, and behaviors of the profession, differentiation from other helping professions crystallizes and a new self-concept emerges.

“By internalizing the standards, beliefs, and behaviors of the profession, differentiation from other helping professions crystallizes, and a new self-concept emerges by which one could reasonably say,”

• cites Reiner et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Role of Counselor Educators says educators acculturate students to the counseling profession’s identity and values, and Responsibility for Establishing Professional Identity discusses counselors’ distinctness among helping professions. The paper does not say that internalizing standards, beliefs, and behaviors causes that differentiation to crystallize or a new self-concept to emerge. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Evans et al. (2015) reviewed the limitations of using vignettes in research and methods for facilitating external validity of research findings.

“They offered a thorough review of the limitations for the use of vignettes in research, as well as methods for facilitating external validity of the research findings.”

• cites Evans et al. (2015) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

When properly addressed, such limitations can be minimized.

“However, when properly addressed, such limitations can be minimized (Evans et al., 2015).”

• cites Evans et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Critics of vignettes raised concerns regarding external validity related to the fictional nature of the vignette.

“Critics of vignettes raised concerns regarding external validity related to the fictional nature of the vignette (Cullen, 2010).”

• cites Cullen, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  In “REALLY KNOWS ONLY BELIEVES” (page unavailable), Cullen criticizes invented, bizarre vignettes because they can confuse respondents when moved from philosophical discussion into surveys. The paper supports a concern about how vignette-based findings carry across contexts, but it does not identify the fictional nature of vignettes itself as the problem or explicitly frame the concern as external validity. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

The largest difference in ratings occurred between the 'straight Jaime' and 'kink Jaime' conditions, despite both being identified as heterosexual men.

“The largest difference occurred between”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Within the current study, the missing item rate was >30%, while in contrast, the rate was <5% in the Gushue et al.'s (2022) study following the same methods.

“Within the current study, the missing item rate was >30%, while in contrast, the rate was <5% in the Gushue et al.'s (2022) study following the same methods.”

• cites Gushue et al.'s (2022) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents were more likely to not respond to all or part of the survey when Jaime was presented as a member of a sexual minority group, with the subgroup with the highest nonresponse rate being the 'kink Jaime' group.

“Additionally, closer examination of the gaps in responses revealed that respondents were more likely to not respond to all or part of the survey when Jaime was presented as a member of a sexual minority group, with the subgroup with the highest nonresponse rate being the”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Post hoc testing via Tukey's HSD aligned with the pairwise comparison for both age categories, p = .005 and p = .043, respectively.

“Post hoc testing via Tukey's HSD aligned with the pairwise comparison for both age categories, p = .005and p = .043,respectively.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Random assignment produced equivalent groups on relevant characteristics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four vignette conditions differ only in the client's sexual orientation/kink identity, with all other information held constant.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The most significant difference was between 'kink Jaime' and 'straight Jaime,' despite 'kink Jaime' being identified as a heterosexual man.

“Unexpectedly, the most significant difference was between”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Pairwise comparisons of Age Range revealed significant differences between the 18-29 group and the 30-49 group (p = .004) and the 65+ group (p = .019) on ICII-R scores.

“Moreover, pairwise comparisons of Age Range revealed significant differences between the 18-29 group and the 30-49 group (p = .004)and the 65 + group (p = .019).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Random assignment produced equivalent groups on relevant characteristics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four vignette conditions differ only in the client's sexual orientation/kink identity, with all other information held constant.

It may state two separate claims as one.

For 'kink Jaime,' his issue was seen as significantly more serious and simultaneously more external than 'straight Jaime.'

“In other words, for”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The composite scores for the full data set had means and standard deviations of ICII-R M=43, SD=7.15; CDS-II M=60.37, SD=6.10; and Locus of Causality M=13.18, SD=3.78.

“Before full analysis of the data using the GLM, normality testing was conducted on the composite scores for the full data set regarding the ICII-R (M = 43, SD = 7.15), the CDS-II (M = 60.37,SD = 6.10), and the Locus of Causality subscale of the CDS-II (M = 13.18,SD = 3.78).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The overall model for Hypothesis 2 was significant, F(3, 61) = 2.76, p = .049, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

“Contrary to the results from Hypothesis 1, the overall model was significant, F(3, 61) = 2.76, p = .049,leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Random assignment produced equivalent groups on relevant characteristics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four vignette conditions differ only in the client's sexual orientation/kink identity, with all other information held constant.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The results indicated that the age of the participant and the sexual orientation of the fictional client influenced counselor-in-training development.

“The results indicated that the age of the participant and the sexual orientation of the fictional client influenced counselor-in-training development.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

No significant main effects were revealed in the Hypothesis 4 model, though the significance level for the vignette factor was notably close (p = .052).

“No significant main effects were revealed, though the significance level for the vignette factor is notably close (p = .052).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Random assignment produced equivalent groups on relevant characteristics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four vignette conditions differ only in the client's sexual orientation/kink identity, with all other information held constant.

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 'kink Jaime' group did not significantly differ from the other sexual minority groups on locus of causality.

“However, the”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Random assignment produced equivalent groups on relevant characteristics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The four vignette conditions differ only in the client's sexual orientation/kink identity, with all other information held constant.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Counselors' implicit assumptions about sexuality may shape their initial clinical impressions of clients presenting with concerns related to pornography use.

“These challenges may be further compounded when working with clients from diverse sexual identity backgrounds, as counselors' implicit assumptions about sexuality may shape their initial clinical impressions of clients presenting with concerns related to pornography use.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Internship-stage counseling students have had the opportunity to address their biases via their own impetus or via remediation from their program.

“and thus have had the opportunity to address their biases via their own impetus or via remediation from their program”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Internship-level counselors-in-training actively engage with the public as mental health practitioners and thus have the potential to do harm should their biases remain unaddressed.

“Internship-level counselors-in-training actively engage with the public as mental health practitioners and thus have the potential to do harm should their biases remain unaddressed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mental health trainees and new practitioners who conceptualized the African-American subject in Gushue et al.'s study applied different standards to him versus the White and East Asian subjects.

“Moreover, Gushue et al. (2022) reported that mental health trainees and new practitioners who conceptualized the African-American subject in their study applied different standards to him versus the White and East Asian subjects.”

• cites Gushue et al. (2022) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For individuals from marginalized groups, minimum standards are lower while the level of ability needed to demonstrate competence is higher.

“Across multiple rounds of study, the authors noted that for individuals from marginalized groups, minimum standards were lower while the level of ability needed to demonstrate competence was higher (Biernat & Kobrynowicz, 1997;Kobrynowicz & Biernat, 1997).”

• cites Biernat & Kobrynowicz, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kobrynowicz & Biernat, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Of the remaining 65 participants, 10 omitted the CDS-II and 8 withheld demographic data.

“Of the remaining 65 participants, 10 omitted the CDS-II, and eight of the 65 withheld demographic data.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Differences in counselors-in-training's clinical impressions of otherwise comparable fictional male clients may reflect a microaggression when sexual orientation contributes to the pathologizing, stereotyping, or invalidation of the client.

“Specifically, differences in counselors-in-training's clinical impressions of otherwise comparable fictional male clients may reflect a microaggression when sexual orientation contributes to the pathologizing, stereotyping, or invalidation of the client.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Of the 94 individuals, 93 affirmed consent and were randomly placed into one of four testing groups based on the fictional client's sexual orientation: straight, gay, bi, and kink.

“Of those, 93 affirmed their consent to participate in the study and were then randomly placed into one of the four testing groups based on the fictional client's sexual orientation: (a)”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents to self-report measures may skew responses to meet social desirability expectations, misremember aspects being assessed, or the measures themselves may be ambiguous.

“Respondents to self-report measures may intentionally or unintentionally skew their responses to meet social desirability expectations; they may misremember aspects being assessed, or the measures themselves may be ambiguous (Bauhoff, 2011;Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2018).”

• cites Bauhoff, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Unaddressed bias expressed by internship-level counselors-in-training has direct implications regarding the effectiveness of counselor training programs.

“Unaddressed bias expressed by internship-level counselors-in-training has direct implications regarding the effectiveness of counselor training programs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Barrett and McWhirter (2002) reported significant differences in counselors-in-training's reported levels of homophobia and the number of unfavorable adjectives used to describe clients.

“Similarly, Barrett and McWhirter (2002) reported significant differences in counselors-in-training's reported levels of homophobia and the number of unfavorable adjectives used to describe clients.”

• cites Barrett & McWhirter, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Given the specific and limited nature of the population of interest (internship-level counselors-in-training), utilizing purposive sampling facilitated generating a sufficient sample size for analysis.

“Given the specific and limited nature of the population of interest, internship-level counselors-in-training, utilizing purposive sampling facilitated generating a sufficient sample size for analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four testing groups.

“They were presented with informed consent documents for their review and acceptance before being randomly assigned to one of the four testing groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Normality testing was conducted on the composite scores for the full data set before full analysis using the GLM.

“Before full analysis of the data using the GLM, normality testing was conducted on the composite scores for the full data set regarding the ICII-R (M = 43, SD = 7.15), the CDS-II (M = 60.37,SD = 6.10), and the Locus of Causality subscale of the CDS-II (M = 13.18,SD = 3.78).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Expectation-maximization imputation adequately handles missing data without introducing bias.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pornography has become increasingly accessible since the advent of the internet.

“Pornography has become increasingly accessible since the advent of the internet (Cooper, 1998), but recent advances in generative artificial intelligence have created additional avenues for accessing and producing highly customizable pornographic content (Döring et al., 2025).”

• cites Cooper, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The complexity of the case presented in a vignette should mirror the complexity of a case that could be experienced in real-world settings.

“He argued that the complexity of the case presented in the vignette should mirror the complexity of a case which could be experienced in real-world settings.”

• cites Taylor (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Inclusion criteria required potential participants to be enrolled, or eligible to enroll, in the internship experience course at their respective institutions.

“Regarding inclusion criteria, potential participants must have been enrolled, or eligible to enroll, in the internship experience course at their respective institutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The shifting standards paradigm accurately predicts disparate evaluation criteria as they are used to assess individuals based on their minority or majority status.

“In brief, the shifting standards paradigm appears to accurately predict disparate evaluation criteria as they are utilized to assess individuals based on their minority or majority status (Biernat et al., 1991).”

• cites Biernat et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Examining counselors-in-training's clinical impressions of fictional clients presenting with pornography use may provide insight into how their developing professional identities influence how they approach and respond to client presenting concerns.

“Examining counselors-in-training's clinical impressions of fictional clients presenting with pornography use may provide insight into how their developing professional identities, including the integration of personal beliefs and professional expectations, influence how they approach and respond to client presenting concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The ethical obligations and prescriptions established by various stakeholders formulate a key aspect of being a counselor.

“The ethical obligations and prescriptions established by the various stakeholders do not exist within a vacuum; rather, they formulate a key aspect of being a counselor (Moss et al., 2014).”

• cites Moss et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Self-report measures face inherent challenges to face validity.

“While various self-report measures are utilized within the counseling field to assess clients and practitioners alike, these measures face inherent challenges to face validity (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2018).”

• cites Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The subjective nature of Likert-type scales manifests through altered understanding of the meaning of the construct being measured based on the perception of the subject.

“Biernat and Kobrynowicz argued that the subjective nature of Likert-type scales manifests through altered understanding of the meaning of the construct being measured based on the perception of the subject.”

• cites Biernat & Kobrynowicz, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The ICII-R is a 13-item questionnaire that assesses participants' beliefs regarding their level of clinical concern, with lower composite scores indicating less clinical concern and higher scores indicating more clinical concern.

“The ICII-R (Clarke, 2009;Gushue, 2004) is a 13-item questionnaire that reviews participant beliefs regarding their level of clinical concern.”

• Also stated in: § Initial Client Impression Inventory-Revised. · plain

  “Lower composite scores indicate less overall clinical concern for the client, while higher scores indicate more clinical concern.”

• cites Clarke, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gushue, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The active practice of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies, the Code of Ethics, and relevant legal statutes while incorporating personal beliefs and values is at the heart of professional counseling identity.

“The phenomenological experience of the active practice of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts et al., 2016), the Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2014), and the various legal statutes relevant to counselors while simultaneously incorporating the individual's personal beliefs and values is at the heart of professional counseling identity (Auxier”

• cites Ratts et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites American Counseling Association [ACA], 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Auxier et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The reviewed work on differential evaluation of sexual minority clients aligns with the Shifting Standards Paradigm, particularly regarding over- and misdiagnosis.

“While not specifically cited by the aforementioned researchers, their work seems to align with the Shifting Standards Paradigm, particularly regarding over-and misdiagnosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Expectation-maximization imputation was utilized to fill the missing data points for the 65 participants.

“Expectation-maximization imputation was utilized to fill the missing data points for the 65 participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

28 of the 93 participants (30.1%) elected to discontinue the survey prematurely.

“In total, 28 of the 93 participants (30.1%) elected to discontinue the survey prematurely.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Vignettes can be used in research to assess decision-making along three axes: normative, descriptive, and prescriptive.

“Taylor (2006) described and outlined the use of vignettes as a tool to be utilized in research to assess decision-making along three axes: normative, descriptive, and prescriptive.”

• cites Taylor (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pornography occupies a contested place within contemporary views of sexuality and sexual expression.

“These prevalence rates illustrate the complex perceptions between actual pornography consumption and attitudes toward pornography, suggesting that pornography occupies a contested place within contemporary views of sexuality and sexual expression.”

• cites Regnerus et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Evans & Corichi, 2026Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

In the context of counseling, microaggression theory provides a framework for understanding the influence of implicit bias in counselors' perceptions of clients from different sexual minority groups.

“In the context of counseling, the microaggression theory provides a framework for understanding the influence of implicit bias in counselors' perceptions of clients from different sexual minority groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The theoretical models and subsequent measurement scales of counseling identity development were conceptual in nature rather than practical.

“The theoretical models (Auxier et al., 2003;Moss et al., 2014) and subsequent measurement scales (Woo & Henfield, 2015) were conceptual in nature rather than practical.”

• cites Auxier et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moss et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Woo & Henfield, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Presenting concerns involving pornography use, sexual expression, and sexual identity may intersect with the counselor-in-training's personal beliefs and assumptions.

“This may be particularly relevant when presenting concerns involve pornography use, sexual expression, and sexual identity, which may intersect with the counselor-in-training's personal beliefs and assumptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A total of 94 individuals logged into the survey to review the informed consent documents.

“From the recruitment efforts, a total of 94 individuals logged into the survey to review the informed consent documents via the survey link.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The CDS-II is a 12-item survey that assesses participants' conceptualization of the causal factors related to challenges in one's life, and contains four 3-item subscales: locus of causality, external control, stability, and personal control.

“The CDS-II (McAuley et al., 1992) is a 12-item survey that assesses participants' conceptualization of the causal factors related to the challenges in one's life.”

• Also stated in: § Causation Dimension Scale-II. · plain

  “The CDS-II contains four 3-item subscales: locus of causality, external control, stability, and personal control.”

• cites McAuley et al., 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Couples and family counselors are increasingly likely to encounter concerns related to pornography use in clinical practice, due to the growing accessibility and prevalence of pornography use.

“Due to the growing accessibility and prevalence of pornography use, couples and family counselors are increasingly likely to encounter concerns related to pornography use in clinical practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The overall number of participants met the minimum standard for statistical power 0.8, as calculated using G*Power.

“The overall number of participants met the minimum standard for statistical power 0.8, as calculated using G*Power.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Despite purposive sampling, challenges regarding participant recruitment became apparent.

“Finally, despite purposive sampling, challenges regarding participant recruitment became apparent.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The results from the current study appear to indicate that counselors in training need differentiated instruction regarding their conceptualization of family related issues related to pornography use.

“Ultimately, the results from the current study appear to indicate that counselors in training need differentiated instruction regarding their conceptualization of family related issues related to pornography use.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Multicultural & Social Justice Counseling Competencies and the effectiveness of CACREP-accredited counselor education programs to facilitate their incorporation into the professional identity of counselors-in-training were illuminated by the current study.

“Moreover, the Multicultural & Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts et al., 2016), and the effectiveness of CACREP-accredited counselor education programs to facilitate their incorporation into the professional identity of counselors-in-training, were illuminated by the current study.”

• cites Ratts et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The incomplete response rate complicated the analysis and may have significantly impacted the error rate.

“However, the incomplete response rate complicated the analysis and may have significantly impacted the error rate.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The small sample may have impacted the statistical power and external validity of the analysis.

“The small sample may have impacted the statistical power and external validity of the analysis.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Neither implicit bias against sexual minority women nor against gender-expansive individuals was taken into consideration.

“As such, neither implicit bias against sexual minority women nor against gender-expansive individuals was taken into consideration.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Previous research indicated that as students moved through their training programs, they expressed more alignment and congruency with the professional values of counseling.

“Generally, previous research indicated that as students moved through their training programs, they expressed more alignment and congruency with the professional values of counseling (Moss et al., 2014).”

• cites Moss et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Code C.5. noted that counselors do not condone or engage in discrimination based on age, culture, disability, ethnicity, race, religion/spirituality, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital/partnership status, language preference, socioeconomic status, or immigration status or any basis proscribed by law.

“Specifically, Code C.5. noted that”

• cites Code C.5.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Moody and Lewis (2019) and Straub et al. (2018) reported psychosocial distress experienced by lesbian women as a result of microaggressions and bias, which manifest as symptoms closely correlated with posttraumatic stress.

“Moody and Lewis (2019) and Straub et al. (2018) reported psychosocial distress experienced by lesbian women as a result of microaggressions and bias, which manifest as symptoms closely correlated with posttraumatic stress.”

• cites Moody and Lewis (2019) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Straub et al. (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Counselors work with clients within the ethical and legal codes to which they are beholden to facilitate progress toward the accomplishment of those goals.

“Accordingly, counselors work with clients within the ethical and legal codes to which they are beholden to facilitate progress toward the accomplishment of those goals (Gladding, 2018).”

• cites Gladding, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Several findings have direct implications for the theoretical understanding of how shifting standards play a significant role in client case conceptualization, and thus the professional identity development of counselors-in-training.

“Several findings have direct implications for the theoretical understanding of how shifting standards play a significant role in client case conceptualization, and thus the professional identity development of counselors-in-training.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The study investigated potential differences expressed by counselors-in-training toward sexual minority men, so sexual minority bias was only considered regarding men.

“First, the study investigated potential differences expressed by counselors-in-training toward sexual minority men.Therefore, sexual minority bias was only considered regarding men.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Inherent in the definition of counseling provided by Kaplan et al. (2014) is the notion that counselors provide services to diverse populations; thus, a degree of multicultural competency is fundamental to the professional identity of a counselor.

“Inherent in the definition of counseling provided by Kaplan et al. (2014) is the notion that counselors provide services to diverse populations; thus, a degree of multicultural competency is fundamental to the professional identity of a counselor.”

• cites Kaplan et al. (2014) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Kaplan et al. (2014) noted that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.

“Kaplan et al. (2014) noted that,”

• cites Kaplan et al. (2014) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

By focusing on the practical application of professional counseling identity through case conceptualization, the current study moved beyond self-report measures such as the PISC or the LGB-KASH.

“By focusing on the practical application of professional counseling identity (Gibson et al., 2010;Moss et al., 2014) through case conceptualization, the current study moved beyond selfreport measures such as the PISC (Woo & Henfield, 2015) or the Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals (Worthington et al., 2005).”

• cites Gibson et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moss et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Woo & Henfield, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The vignette may not accurately represent conditions and contextual factors present with live clients.

“Specifically, the vignette may not accurately represent conditions and contextual factors present with live clients (Kim, 2012).”

• cites Kim, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Prior research reported that clients who identify as members of a sexual minority population face microaggressions from their mental health practitioner.

“Prior research in the field of microaggression theory as it pertains to counseling and mental health reported that clients who identify as members of a sexual minority population face microaggressions from their mental health practitioner (Goodrich et al., 2016;Quiñones et al., 2017;Televantos & Strauss, 2022).”

• cites Goodrich et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Quiñones et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Televantos & Strauss, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies provide further clarity and direction to this facet of counseling identity in terms of the knowledge, attitudes, and skills exemplified by culturally competent counselors.

“Meanwhile, the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies provide further clarity and direction to this facet of counseling identity in terms of the knowledge, attitudes, and skills exemplified by culturally competent counselors (Ratts et al., 2016).”

• cites Ratts et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

While estimated utilizing appropriate statistical methodology (i.e., expectation-maximization), the actual demographics may have differed.

“While estimated utilizing appropriate statistical methodology (i.e., expectation-maximization), the actual demographics may have differed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As Woo et al. (2017) noted, the foundation of counselors' understanding of counselor professional identity is typically established through their counseling training, during which counselor educators assist them in developing a mature counseling identity.

“As Woo et al. (2017) noted,”

• cites Woo et al. (2017) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source