The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Specific B self-focusing stimuli ^ such as cameras, audiences, recordings, and mirrors have been tested in controlled settings to stimulate self-awareness (Buss 1980; Carver and Scheier 1978; Davis and Brock 1975; Davis and Franzoi 1991; Geller and Shaver 1976; Morin 2002).”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
In the citing paper
“more than five decades of research strongly shows that self-awareness can be experimentally induced through a clearly defined apparatus, such as an audience, recording, mirrors, or cameras”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041
Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076760 · Cited by 3,728
Self-citation(1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,635
The Psychology of Consciousness
Leahey, T. H. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315665191-16 · Cited by 755
A modified concept of consciousness.
Sperry, R. W. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0028156 · Cited by 502
Brodsky, S. L. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12305-007 · Cited by 445
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.35.9.625 · Cited by 412
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.
Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219
Baumeister, R. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.90 · Cited by 1,919
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action.
Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281 · Cited by 1,028
A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior
Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610009 · Cited by 1,005
Metadata
- Authors
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1978-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-332
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2133540180
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 26.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- self-focusing, audience presence, self-awareness, social presence, self-monitoring
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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