Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Abstract
Adult humans are capable of remembering prior events by mentally traveling back in time to re-experience those events. In this review, the authors discuss this and other related capabilities, considering evidence from such diverse sources as brain imaging, neuropsychological experiments, clinical observations, and developmental psychology. The evidence supports a preliminary theory of episodic remembering, which holds that the prefrontal cortex plays a critical, supervisory role in empowering healthy adults with autonoetic consciousness-the capacity to mentally represent and become aware of subjective experiences in the past, present, and future. When a rememberer mentally travels back in subjective time to re-experience his or her personal past, the result is an act of retrieval from episodic memory.
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Autonoetic consciousness is of fundamental relevance to episodic memory, allowing one to mentally travel back in subjective time and recollect one's previous experiences.
“He argued that autonoetic consciousness is of fundamental relevance to EM, allowing one to mentally travel back in subjective time and recollect one’s previous experiences [2,18–20].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Multisensory bodily processing during encoding and remembering is relevant not only for conscious bodily experiences of self-identification, self-location, and first-person perspective but also for autonoetic consciousness.
“Autonoetic consciousness is the ability to mentally travel back in subjective time and recollect one’s previous experiences [2,18–20] and the present data suggest that multisensory bodily processing during encoding and remembering are not only of relevance for the conscious bodily experiences of self-identification, self-location, and first-person perspective [36,37,39,44–47], but also autonoetic”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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Spontaneous thought as an unconstrained memory process
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Ventromedial prefrontal damage reduces mind-wandering and biases its temporal focus
Bertossi, E., & Ciaramelli, E. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw099 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Procrastination, consideration of future consequences, and episodic future thinking
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Does metarepresentation make human mental time travel unique?
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Building up and wearing down episodic memory: mnemonic discrimination and relational binding
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Does episodic future thinking improve prospective remembering?
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Memory, consciousness and neuroimaging
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The neural basis of temporal order processing in past and future thought
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Impact of age-relevant goals on future thinking in younger and older adults
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The stability of visual perspective and vividness during mental time travel
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Mental time travel to the future might be reduced in sleep.
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- Authors
- Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E.
- Affiliations
- Baycrest Hospital (CA)
- ORCID
- Stuss, Donald T.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 331-354
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2125216599
- Cited by
- 1,751
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 22.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, autonoetic consciousness, prefrontal cortex, frontal lobe, memory retrieval, mental time travel, subjective time, autobiographical memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Awareness, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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