The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence.
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“Specific B self-focusing stimuli ^ such as cameras, audiences, recordings, and mirrors have been tested in controlled settings to stimulate self-awareness (Buss 1980; Carver and Scheier 1978; Davis and Brock 1975; Davis and Franzoi 1991; Geller and Shaver 1976; Morin 2002).”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
In the citing paper
“more than five decades of research strongly shows that self-awareness can be experimentally induced through a clearly defined apparatus, such as an audience, recording, mirrors, or cameras”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
Citations
Cites
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Self-citation(1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,635
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Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.35.9.625 · Cited by 412
Self-citationEffects of objective self-awareness on attribution of causality
Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(73)90059-0 · Cited by 280
Warren, R. E. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032786 · Cited by 277
Evaluation apprehension and the social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses.
Henchy, T., & Glass, D. C. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026814 · Cited by 275
Davis, D., & Brock, T. C. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90017-7 · Cited by 254
Self-consciousness, self-report of aggressiveness, and aggression
Scheier, M. F., Buss, A. H., & Buss, D. M. (1978) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(78)90089-2 · Cited by 238
Self-citationThe nature of human consciousness
Ornstein, R. E. (1974) · Cited by 188
Correlates of Self-Consciousness
Turner, R. G., Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Ickes, W. J. (1978) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_10 · Cited by 182
Self-citationFactors affecting speed in serial verbal reactions
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Cognitive consequences of self-awareness
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Self-awareness, self-consciousness, and angry aggression1
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Self-citationSelf-awareness and physical aggression
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Self-citationThe Self-Consciousness Scale: A Discriminant Validity Study
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Self-citationThe Self Focus Sentence Completion: A Study of Egocentricity
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Association, directionality, and stimulus encoding.
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Self-consciousness, self-awareness, and self-attribution
Buss, D. M., & Scheier, M. F. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90060-x · Cited by 132
Self-citationPhysical aggression as a function of objective self-awareness and attitudes toward punishment
Carver, C. S. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90002-5 · Cited by 127
Self-citationFacilitation of physical aggression through objective self-awareness
Carver, C. S. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(74)90032-8 · Cited by 106
Self-citationU. Illinois, Children's Research Center.
Martens, R. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027710 · Cited by 99
Effects of audience status, evaluation, and time of action on performance with hidden-word problems.
Cohen, J. L., & Davis, J. H. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034447 · Cited by 68
Palmar sweating and the presence of an audience
Martens, R. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90061-4 · Cited by 51
Self-awareness and cigarette-smoking behavior
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.
Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219
Baumeister, R. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.90 · Cited by 1,919
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action.
Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281 · Cited by 1,028
A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior
Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002610009 · Cited by 1,005
Metadata
- Authors
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1978-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-332
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2133540180
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 26.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- self-focusing, audience presence, self-awareness, social presence, self-monitoring
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