Accountability and complexity of thought.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Accountability improves judgment primarily when the decision-maker has not yet committed to a position.
“Tetlock's model specifies that accountability improves judgment primarily when the decision-maker has not yet committed to a position.”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Tetlock 1983
Tetlock's social contingency model holds that when decision-makers anticipate evaluation by an audience whose views are unknown, they engage in more effortful, integrative, and self-critical reasoning.
“Tetlock's social contingency model (Tetlock 1983(Tetlock , 1992) ) provides the theoretical foundation: when decision-makers anticipate evaluation by an audience whose views are unknown, they engage in more effortful, integrative, and self-critical reasoning.”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Tetlock 1983
When decision-makers know or can infer the evaluator's preferred conclusion, accountability can produce the opposite effect, motivating justification of the expected position.
“When decision-makers know or can infer the evaluator's preferred conclusion, accountability can produce the opposite effect, motivating justification of the expected position (Tetlock 1983;Lerner and Tetlock 1999).”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Tetlock 1983
Cites
Attitudinal politics: The strategy of moderation.
Cialdini, R. B., Levy, A., Herman, C. P., & Evenbeck, S. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034265 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814 · see citing works
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312 · see citing works
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991 · see citing works
“Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment.”
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2648573 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
Support theory: a nonextensional representation of subjective probability
Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.547 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion
Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Cook, F. L. (2014) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1082 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Chaiken, S., & Stangor, C. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.003043 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Double Standards in the Evaluation of Men and Women
Foschi, M. (1996) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2787021 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Motivated Heuristic and Systematic Processing
Chen, S., Duckworth, K., & Chaiken, S. (1999) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1001_6 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Habit and information use in travel mode choices
Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, A. (1997) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(97)00008-5 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Accountability and automation bias
SKITKA, L. J., MOSIER, K., & BURDICK, M. D. (2000) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0349 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Accountability amplifies the status quo effect when change creates victims
Tetlock, P. E., & Boettger, R. (1994) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.3960070102 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationA feedback model to understand information system usage
Bajaj, A., & Nidumolu, S. R. (1998) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(98)00026-3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Generalization of dissonance reduction: Decreasing prejudice through induced compliance.
Leippe, M. R., & Eisenstadt, D. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.395 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Forecasting tournaments, epistemic humility and attitude depolarization
Mellers, B., Tetlock, P., & Arkes, H. R. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationEllison, L., & Munro, V. E. (2010) · Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1748-121x.2009.00141.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The effect of rater accountability on performance ratings: a meta-analytic review
Harari, M. B., & Rudolph, C. W. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making
Shrestha, S., Ahn, E., & Vorobeychik, Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society · doi:10.1609/aies.v9i4.43309
- Authors
- Tetlock, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tetlock, Philip E.
- ORCID
- Tetlock, Philip E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-83
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2004508718
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 8.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- accountability, cognitive effort, self-monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
