They stoop to conquer: Guiding and self-regulatory functions of physical posture after success and failure.
Abstract
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that slumped (depressed) or upright physical postures are not just passive indicators of mental states but can reciprocally affect the mental states and behavior of an individual. By using a methodology similar to that in many facial manipulation studies, the experimenters changed subjects' postures in a standard learned helplessness setting. The results suggested that when a slumped posture is inappropriate to the current situation (a subject has just succeeded), the slumping seems to undermine subsequent motivation as well as feelings of control. But when appropriate (a subject has experienced failure or helplessness), slumping minimizes both feelings of helplessness and depression and motivation deficits. These results were interpreted with a new theoretical analysis, the appropriateness hypothesis. A slumped versus upright posture orientation can guide and moderate information-processing and responses to positive and negative mood-relevant stimuli. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to self-regulatory processes that may operate in emotion, depression, and learned helplessness.
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Taking a slumped posture can lead a person to adopt a defeatist and helpless attitude, compared with taking an upright posture.
“where, for example, taking a slumped posture (i.e., avoidance-motivated stance) can lead a person to adopt a defeatist and helpless attitude, compared with when taking an upright posture (i.e., approach-motivated stance; Riskind, 1984;Riskind & Gotay, 1982).”
From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Riskind, 1984
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- Authors
- Riskind, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Riskind, John H.
- ORCID
- Riskind, John H.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1984-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 479-493
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2058718604
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- posture, upright posture, learned helplessness, self-regulation, motivation, perceived control, depression, mood, emotion regulation, success and failure
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