Context-dependent automatic processing in depression: accessibility of negative constructs with regard to self but not others
Abstract
The existence of automatic negative self-referential thought in depression was examined by using the concurrent memory load paradigm. Depressed and nondepressed subjects judged each of a series of depressed- and nondepressed-content adjectives as to its descriptiveness of the self or of the average other person. While making each judgment, some subjects held six digits in working memory, whereas the remaining subjects had no concurrent memory load. We found that the memory load manipulation resulted in a reliably smaller increase in depressed subjects' self-referential judgment latencies for depressed content than for nondepressed content, with the reverse being true of nondepressed subjects. For all subjects, however, the load effect on other-referential judgment latencies was smaller for nondepressed-content adjectives than for depressed-content adjectives. The results suggest an automatic, unintentional component in the depressed person's use of negative social constructs in self-perception but not in other-perception, indicating a context-dependent form of automatic processing.
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The DMN is critical to negative self-referential processing such as rumination and worrying known to go awry in depression.
“The DMN includes medial cortical structures, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex, and it is critical to negative self-referential processing such as rumination and worrying known to go awry in depression (35–38).”
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BackgroundNouchi, R. (2012) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00531.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impairments in Mental Model Construction and Benefits of Defocused Attention
von Hecker, U., Sędek, G., & Brzezicka, A. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000133 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Evaluative Organization of Self-Knowledge
Showers, C. J. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Expectations of consistency about the self: Consequences for self-concept formation
McConnell, A. R., Rydell, R. J., & Leibold, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00504-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Content and mode of information processing in major depressive disorder
Ingram, R. E., Fidaleo, R. A., Friedberg, R. D., Shenk, J. L., & Bernet, C. Z. (1995) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02230401 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Numerous studies of depressive cognition have implicitly assumed an automatic level of information processing (e.g., Bargh & Tota, 1988; Derry & Kuiper, 1981; Dobson & Shaw, 1987; Ingrain et al., 1987; Ingrain, Smith, & Brehm, 1983; Wen~aff, Wegner, & Roper, 1988).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Depression on Impression Formation: The Role of Trait and Category Diagnosticity
Edwards, J. A., Weary, G., von Hippel, W., & Jacobson, J. A. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…in describing the con- tent of depressed perceivers’ beliefs, evaluations, attributions, future-event predictions, and recall of information for and about others (e.g., Bargh & Tota, 1988; Gleicher & Weary, 1991; McCaul, 1983; Weary, Jordan, & Hill, 1985; see Weary & Edwards, 1994b, for a review).”
BackgroundReduction of the self-reference effect in younger and older adults.
Jackson, J., Luu, C., Vigderman, A. S., Leshikar, E. D., Jacques, P. L. S., & Gutchess, A. H. (2018) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000142 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…(e.g., D’Argembeau, Comblain, & Van der Linden, 2005; Fossati et al., 2004, Herbert, Pauli, & Herbert, 2010), in subclinical and clinical depression (Bargh & Tota, 1988; Derry & Kuiper, 1981; Lemogne et al., 2009; Watson, Dritschel, Jentzsch, & Obonsawin, 2008; Wisco, 2009), mindfulness meditation…”
Valence Processing Bypassing the Response Selection Bottleneck?
Fischer, R., & Schubert, T. (2008) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.203 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Blocker, H. S., & McIntosh, D. N. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9581-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Elovainio, M. J., & Kivimäki, M. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00038-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Analysis of Eyeblink Activity during Self-Referent Information Processing in Mild Depression
Ohdra, H. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1219 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For example, Fukuda and Matsunaga (1983) measured subjects' eyeblinks during a series of signal-discrimination tasks in both visual and auditory modalities. They reported that the eyeblink rate was suppressed just before stimulus presentation, peaked just after the stimulus, and then progressively decreased until the…”
BackgroundInfluentialHow real is depressive realism? A question of scales and standards
Albright, J. S., & Henderson, M. C. (1995) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02230515 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…findings in support of these two positions are complicated by additional studies which suggest that depressive realism may be limited to judgments about the self and not others (e.g., Alloy & Abramson, 1979; Bargh & Tota, 1988; Golin, Terrell, & Johnson, 1977; Pietromanaco & Markus, 1985).”
ResultAutomatic Category Activation and Social Behavior: The Moderating Role of Prejudiced Beliefs
Brown, R. J., Croizet, J., Bohner, G., Fournet, M., & Payne, A. (2003) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.21.3.167.25339 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The development of depressive encoding dispositions: A case of self-perpetuation of biases
Hill, T., Lewicki, P., & Neubauer, R. M. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90033-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bargh, J. A., & Tota, M. E.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- ORCID
- Bargh, John A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 925-939
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1978138377
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 12.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- depression, automatic processing, self-referential processing, self-perception, perception of the other, context sensitivity, working memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Concept Formation, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Self Concept, Semantics, Social Perception
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