Cited by 624Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

Tangney, June P., Wagner, Patricia, Fletcher, Carey, Gramzow, Richard·1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669

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“In the case of guilt, embarrassment and shame, the actors themselves are the sources of their own punishment through the psychological discomfort of experiencing these emotions (Tangney et al., 1992).”
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“Beyond the BPD literature, social psychologists have written extensively on the potential for shame to evoke simultaneous anger and aggression (e.g., Gilligan, 1997; Lutwak, Panish, Ferrari, & Razzino, 2001; Tangney et al., 1992a).”
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“These emotions, but particularly shame, lead to anger which people typically turn on themselves [20].”
Background
The development of a scale for measuring offence-related feelings of shame and guilt
Wright, K. A., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2007) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940701292810 · Cited by 32
“Following initial exploration using bivariate correlations, part correlations were then used to test for the hypothesised relationships between the ORSGS factors and other measures, in keeping with the methodology employed by a number of previous studies of differential relationships between shame and guilt measures a…”
Method
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Zhang, X., Ma, C., Guo, F., & Li, Z. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12319 · Cited by 32
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“85 in an undergraduate sample with a 3–5 week retest interval) (Tangney et al. 1992).”
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“For example, shame is 762 similarly associated with the subjective sense of feeling small [63,78], yet, rather than leading 763 individuals to approach others and interact with them prosocially, it instead motivates 764 withdrawal from social interactions – particularly withdrawal from those who elicited the 765 shame…”
Background
Neuronal Circuits for Social Decision-Making and Their Clinical Implications
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“Much scholarly work in the field of psychology has been performed to understand the moral emotions that deter aggressive behaviors (Grasmick et al., 1991; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
The experience of shame in older psychiatric patients: A preliminary enquiry
Crossley, D. R., & Rockett, K. (2005) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500131252 · Cited by 31
“This investigation, therefore, gives support to the view of Tangney et al. (1992a) who also found there to be no significant association between guilt and anxiety and depression.”
Result
Entrepreneurship Out of Shame: Entrepreneurial Pathways at the Intersection of Necessity, Emancipation, and Social Change
Bacq, S. C., Toubiana, M., Ruebottom, T., Ormiston, J., & Ajunwa, I. (2023) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/26317877231153185 · Cited by 31
“This “felt shame,” as Creed, Hudson, et al. (2014) term it, is associated with withdrawal from the social world (Sheikh & Janoff-Bulman, 2010; Tangney et al., 2007), and can lead to acts of aggression toward the self and/or others (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992).”
Background
Understanding spiritual confession: A review and theoretical synthesis
Murray-Swank, A. B., McConnell, K. M., & Pargäment, K. I. (2006) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670600665628 · Cited by 30
“Overall, guiltproneness has been associated with enhanced empathy for others, whereas shame-proneness has been related to lower levels of empathic responsiveness (Tangney, 1991), a tendency to externalize blame, and more frequent anger and hostility (Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Externalizing shame responses in children: The role of fragile‐positive self‐esteem
Thomaes, S. C. E., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151007x173827 · Cited by 30
“Indeed, some authors have suggested that externalizing shame responses function to reactivate an impaired self (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992; Tangney, Wagner, Hill-Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1996).”
Background
The Role of Emotions and Attitudes in Causing and Preventing Cheating
Rettinger, D. A. (2017) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2017.1308174 · Cited by 30
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The effect of shame on anger at others: awareness of the emotion-causing events matters
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Personality Dynamics of Intimate Abusiveness
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Threatened-masculinity shame-related responses among straight men: Measurement and relationship to aggression.
Gebhard, K. T., Cattaneo, L. B., Tangney, J. P., Hargrove, S., & Shor, R. (2018) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000177 · Cited by 35
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Emotions and Developmental Psychopathology
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BackgroundInfluential
Shameless yet angry: shame and its relationship to anger in male young offenders and undergraduate controls
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“Most of the empirical support for the relationship between shame and anger comes from correlations found between measures of shame and anger proneness (Harper, Austin, Cercone, & Arias, 2005 ; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ; Tangney, Wagner, Hill-Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1996 ).”
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“Whereas previous authors (Dutton et al., 1995; Kohut, 1968, 1972; Lewis, 1971; Tangney & Dearing, 2002; Tangney et al., 1992) have articulated the link between pure shame and aggression, the influence of pure shame on the association between ASPD and male perpetrated partner violence has yet to be…”
Background
An investigation of the relationship between anger and offence-related shame and guilt
Wright, K. A., Gudjonsson, G. H., & Young, S. (2008) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160701770369 · Cited by 26
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“Providing support for this argument, extant studies have shown that individuals high in trait shame (e.g., Harper and Arias 2004; Harper et al. 2005; Scott et al. 2015; Tangney et al. 1992) or exposed to a shameful event (Pivetti et al. 2016; Thomaes et al. 2011) are more likely to be angry.”
Emotion Regulation and Negative Emotionality Moderate the Effects of Moral (Dis)Engagement on Aggression
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“Shame is, thus, expected to be associated to greater aggression only when emotions are effectively managed, which would also clarify the inconsistent shame–aggression associations reported in the literature (e.g., Menesini et al., 2003; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Influential
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“In others, no association (Tangney et al., 1992), an inverse association (Gold et al.”
BackgroundResult
The Impact of Restorative Justice on the Development of Guilt, Shame, and Empathy Among Participants in a Victim Impact Training Program
Jackson, A. L. (2008) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880801938185 · Cited by 24
“” This conceptualization and ordering of variables is contrary to empirical research that has demonstrated that the concepts are in fact different and should not be used interchangeably ( Ferguson & Crowley, 1997b ; Leith & Baumeister, 1998 ; Lutwak et al, 2001 ; Tangney, 1990 , 1991; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gram…”
Result
A Pilot Prospective Study of the Relationship among Cognitive Factors, Shame, and Guilt Proneness on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Victims of Sexual Violence
Shin, K. M., Cho, S.-M., Lee, S. H., & Chung, Y. K. (2014) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.6.831 · Cited by 24
The Development of Reactions to Guilt-Producing Events
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“Maladaptive coping is at other times defined as predisposition to negative self-views such as shame and guilt (Tangney et al., 1992), temperamental difficulties (Ortiz & Gándara, 2006), decreased ability to regulate one’s emotions (Mischkowski et al., 2012), emotional instability (Carlo et al.,…”
Background
Proneness to guilt, shame, and pride in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and neurotypical children
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My Back Pages
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“For example, individuals who feel ashamed about their poor academic performance normally blame themselves for not being a smart person (global defect of oneself) (Brown and Weiner 1984; Tangney et al. 1992).”
Background
Trauma Typology as a Risk Factor for Aggression and Self-Harm in a Complex PTSD Population: The Mediating Role of Alterations in Self-Perception
Dyer, K. F. W., Dorahy, M. J., Shannon, M., & Corry, M. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.710184 · Cited by 23
“Both mechanisms have received support in non-clinical populations, yet no investigation has assessed them in traumatised populations ( Tangney et al, 1996 ; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ).”
Background
A Cross-Cultural Study of Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About, Male Homosexuality
Furnham, A. F., & Saito, K. (2009) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360902728525 · Cited by 22
“In shameful situations, people have an inclination of externalization of blame with respect to the events that elicit shame ( Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ), and this is in accordance with the above findings that Japanese (as well as Chinese) preferred sociological and environmental (external) factors ov…”
Result
Human evolution and culture in relationship to shame in the parenting role: Implications for psychology and psychotherapy
Kirby, J. N., Sampson, H., Day, J. J., Hayes, A. J., & Gilbert, P. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12223 · Cited by 27
The Effect of Victim Impact Training Programs on the Development of Guilt, Shame and Empathy Among Offenders
Jackson, A. L., & Bonacker, N. (2006) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975800601300304 · Cited by 22
Understanding and Assessing Traumatic Responses of Guilt, Shame, and Anger among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Fletcher, K. E. (2011) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361521.2011.623146 · Cited by 22
“Shame implies such global “badness” that the best hope for any relief is to hide in order to lessen the sense of exposure associated with the shame ( Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ).”
Background
The Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 in Japanese University Students
Hasui, C., Kitamura, T., Atsuko, T., Takahashi, M., Masuda, S., & Ozeki, N. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181a61f52 · Cited by 22
“, 1992) and other psychopathology (Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Narrative self-appropriation: embodiment, alienness, and personal responsibility in the context of borderline personality disorder
Køster, A. (2017) · Metamedicine · doi:10.1007/s11017-017-9422-z · Cited by 21
Narcissistic personality disorder
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When does anticipating group-based shame lead to lower ingroup favoritism? The role of status and status stability
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Self-citation
Easing the conscience
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Dying the right-way? Interest in and perceived persuasiveness of parochial extremist propaganda increases after mortality salience
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“Albeit prior evidence on the relationship between shame and hostile intergroup attitudes is somewhat mixed (Brown et al., 2008; Piff et al., 2012), our results confirm studies showing that shame can motivate parochial aggression (Tangney et al., 1992; Lickel et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The self‐regulatory role of anticipated group‐based shame and guilt in inhibiting in‐group favoritism
Shepherd, L., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1971 · Cited by 22
Humiliated fury is not universal: the co-occurrence of anger and shame in the United States and Japan
Kirchner‐Häusler, A., Boiger, M., Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., Verduyn, P., & Mesquita, B. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1414686 · Cited by 20
“tendency in Western cultural contexts, where individuals try to transform their culturally devalued shame into culturally valued anger (e.g. Ferguson et al., 2000; Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Shame as a self-conscious emotion and its role in identity formation
Czub, T. (2013) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2013-0028 · Cited by 20
Guilty repair sustains cooperation, angry retaliation destroys it
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Stereotypes and schadenfreude
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Chronic shame: A perspective integrating religion and spirituality
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“Guilt that is free of shame is adaptive; such guilt focuses on behavior, protecting one from globally condemning the self, while still allowing and encouraging one to change guilt-producing behavior (Tangney, Burggraf, & Wagner, 1995; Tangney & Dearing, 2002; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Comparing implications of distinct emotion, network, and dimensional approaches for co-occurring emotions.
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The Effects of Moral Emotional Traits on Workplace Bullying Perpetration
Jacobson, R. P., Hood, J. N., & Jacobson, K. J. L. (2016) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2016.1182026 · Cited by 22
Aspects of Guilt and Self-Reported Substance Use in Adolescence
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“Individuals scoring higher on measures reflective of internalized values and conscience, such as shame, guilt, moral standards, and moral reasoning, consistently show less antisocial behavior, especially behaviors that involve harm to others [8-11].”
Background
Sexually motivated serial killers and the psychology of aggression and “evil” within a contemporary psychoanalytical perspective
Knight, Z. G. (2007) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600701365597 · Cited by 18
Subjective Accounts of the Turning Points that Facilitate Desistance From Intimate Partner Violence
Walker, K., Bowen, E., Brown, S., & sleath, E. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15597493 · Cited by 26
Shame and intimate abuse: The critical missing link between cause and cure
Mills, L. G. (2008) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.01.010 · Cited by 18
The Relationship of Guilt and Shame to Mental Health
Arimitsu, K. (2001) · The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.11560/jahp.14.2_24 · Cited by 18
Sex, Sex Roles, and Sexual Attitudes: Figure Gender in the Draw-A-Person Test Revisited
Houston, A. N., & Terwilliger, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6502_9 · Cited by 18
On Being the Tipping Point: Social Threshold Incentives Motivate Behavior
Anik, L., & Norton, M. I. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/706508 · Cited by 25
Emotional lability and affective synchrony in borderline personality disorder.
Schoenleber, M. L., Berghoff, C. R., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2016) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000145 · Cited by 17
Moral Psychology as Accountability
Dill, B., & Darwall, S. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717812.003.0003 · Cited by 17
“Rather than motivating apology and reconciliation, shame leads to negative interpersonal consequences such as aggression and social withdrawal (Tangney et al. 1992; Tangney, Wagner, et al. 1996; Orth et al. 2010; Cohen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Narcissism: Its function in modulating self-conscious emotions
Uji, M., Nagata, T., & Kitamura, T. (2012) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2012.76.3.211 · Cited by 17
“This hypothesis is supported by previous studies that emphasized the psychopathology-prophylactic effect of guilt in comparison to shame (Tangney, 1990; Tangney et al., 1992b; Uji et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Emotions and Aggressiveness
Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_25 · Cited by 17
“To the Bottle I Go . . . to Drain My Strain”
Lee-Won, R. J., Lee, J. Y., Song, H., & Borghetti, L. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215607595 · Cited by 18
“In line with this observation, our finding renders support to the applicability of the shame-into-anger model (Tangney et al., 1992) to the general strain theory framework, and provides insight into the multifaceted affective reaction to racist messages experienced by target group members.”
BackgroundResult
The Perception of Error in Production Plants of a Chemical Organisation
Seifried, J., & Höpfer, E. (2012) · Vocations and Learning · doi:10.1007/s12186-012-9081-1 · Cited by 16
The Relationship Between Guilt, Shame and Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Middle School Students
Passanisi, A., Sapienza, I., Budello, S., & Giaimo, F. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.295 · Cited by 16
Shame and Psychotherapy: Theory, Method and Practice
Sinha, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53100-7_11 · Cited by 17
Examining the relationships between sub-clinical psychopathic traits with shame, guilt and externalisation response tendencies to everyday transgressions
Prado, C. E., Treeby, M. S., & Crowe, S. F. (2016) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2016.1167933 · Cited by 16
The Self‐ and Other‐Blame Scale (SOBS). The background and presentation of a new instrument for measuring blame in families
Besharat, M. A., Eisler, I., & Dare, C. (2001) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00179 · Cited by 16
“Some investigators have included self-report questionnaires (e.g. Klass, 1983; Meyer and Taylor, 1986; Tangney, 1990; Tangney et al., 1992), while others have interviewed participants (e.”
Background
Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Activation Evoked by Guilt and Shame
Duan, L. F., Feng, Q., & Xu, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00197 · Cited by 15
Psychological Growth in Aging Vietnam Veterans
McCormack, L., & Joseph, S. (2013) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167813501393 · Cited by 15
Iranian homosexuals; social identity formation and question of femininity
Karimi, A. (2016) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x14551296 · Cited by 18
“On the one hand, as mentioned earlier, gays feel that they have failed to act the social ideal and then feel the sense of guilt because of this failure (Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
The Process Linking Child-Invested Contingent Self-Esteem and Conditional Regard: The Roles of Maternal Anger and its Regulation
Steffgen, S. T., Otterpohl, N., Wessing, F., Schwinger, M., Assor, A., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Gueta, B. E., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02316-y · Cited by 17
“Moreover, men were found to disguise their anger less (Timmers et al., 1998).”
Background
The Shame and Guilt Scales of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect–Adolescent (TOSCA-A): Factor Structure, Concurrent and Discriminant Validity, and Measurement and Structural Invariance Across Ratings of Males and Females
Watson, S., Gomez, R., & Gullone, E. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115608942 · Cited by 18
“The findings for empathy are consistent with existing data for the TOSCA-A (Tangney, 1991; Tangney et al., 1996), and the findings for depression are consistent with findings from studies with the adult version of the TOSCA (e.g., Tangney et al., 1992).”
Result
The Shame and Guilt Scales of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-Adolescent (TOSCA-A): Psychometric Properties for Responses from Children, and Measurement Invariance Across Children and Adolescents
Watson, S., Gomez, R., & Gullone, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00635 · Cited by 21
“…model, Tangney (Tangney, 1991, 1993) has proposed that shame and guilt are associated with different cognitions, motivations, evaluations, feelings, and behaviors (Tangney, 1991, 1993; Tangney et al., 1992; Niedenthal et al., 1994; for reviews, see Tangney and Dearing, 2002; Tangney et al., 2007).”
Background
Conflict and Decision‐Making: Attributional and Emotional Influences
Hurt, K. J., & Welbourne, J. L. (2018) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12133 · Cited by 17
Guilt and Abnormal Aspects of Parent—Child Interactions
Donenberg, G. R., & Weisz, J. R. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012148610-5/50013-8 · Cited by 15
Dyadic Violence, Shame, and Narcissism
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What Can Dynamic Systems Models of Development Offer to the Study of Developmental Psychopathology?
Mascolo, M. F., van Geert, P. L. C., Steenbeek, H., & Fischer, K. W. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy115 · Cited by 18
CSF 5-HIAA and the Rorschach Test in Patients Who Have Attempted Suicide
Lundbäck, E., Forslund, K., Rylander, G., Jokinen, J., Nordström, P., Nordström, A., & Åsberg, M. (2006) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110600790942 · Cited by 14
“Tagney, Wagner, Fletcher, and Gramzov ( 1992 ) used questionnaires based on brief scenarios and associated responses yielding indices of shame-proneness and guilt-proneness.”
Background

Authors: Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R.
ORCID: Tangney, June P.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 669-675
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669
OpenAlex: W4296826512
Cited by: 620
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 12.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: shame, guilt, anger, aggression, self-reported aggression, emotion regulation

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

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