Cited by 624Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

Tangney, June P., Wagner, Patricia, Fletcher, Carey, Gramzow, Richard·1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669

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“…however, the-orists and researchers have emphasized the interpersonal behavior ( Baumeister et al. 1994, ; Hoffman 1982; Tangney 1991, 1994, ; Tangney et al. 1992; Tangney & Dearing 2002). to take into account the distinction be-tween guilt and shame saddled with feelings of contempt and…”
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“For example, Tangney and her colleagues (Tangney, 1995; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ) pointed out that feelings of shame associated with a negative evaluation from another person can easily turn into anger directed toward that person.”
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“These findings are consistent with other studies, which show shame to be associated with problematic outcomes (Hoglund & Nicholas, 1995; Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney et al., 1992) and guilt to be a healthier emotional response style (Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Quiles & Bybee, 1997).”
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“This link might reflect a general tendency for shame and anger to be strongly associated with one another (Tangney et al., 1992).”
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“42) suggested that both emotions can be felt at the same time, and others have concurred with this (Tangney, 1991; Tangney et al., 1992).”
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Individual Differences
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Background
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“These co-regulatory efforts may explain why shame is frequently transformed into anger in the American cultural context (Tangney et al., 1992, as cited in Kitayama and Masuda, 1995).”
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“Not surprisingly, then, shame is considerably more painful than guilt (e.g., Lewis, 1971; Lindsay-Hartz, 1984; Morrison, 1996; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
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O’Connor, J. A., Mumford, M. D., Clifton, T. C., Gessner, T. L., & Connelly, M. S. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90026-8 · Cited by 203
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“For example, shame typically arises after a moral transgression or incompetence (Keltner & Buswell, 1996) and gives rise to a focus on the damaged view of the self: feelings of worthlessness and inferiority (Ausubel, 1955; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Cross-cultural invariances in the architecture of shame
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“[If cooperative overtures are not successful or cost-effective, the system can switch to aggression (33, 34) as its remaining negotiating tool; one reason why people are proud of aggressive formidability, and ashamed of weakness.”
Background
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Branscombe, N. R., Slugoski, B. R., & Kappen, D. M. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139106931.004 · Cited by 187
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Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012629 · Cited by 182
“In her clinical work with individuals, Lewis (1971) observed that shame could be redirected away from the self into anger at others (see also R. H. Smith et al., 1994; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
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“Additionally, when consumers begin to engage denial and denigration around their consumption activities this may serve as an indicator that guilt is serving a less "positive" role and tending toward the less adaptive outcomes associated with shame (Tangney et al., 1992).”
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Looking at Emotion Regulation Through the Window of Emotion Dynamics
Kuppens, P., & Verduyn, P. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.960505 · Cited by 177
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Consumer complaining to firms: the determinants of channel choice
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“Prior work in social psychology shows that shame can lead to two types of behavioral responses: interpersonal avoidance or hostility aggression (Harder and Lewis, 1986; Tangney, 1990; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger.
Lemay, E. P., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030064 · Cited by 175
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“For example, previous research shows that individuals who blame poor performance on a global deficiency of themselves (e.g., “I’m an unintelligent person”) are more likely to experience feelings of shame (Brown and Weiner 1984; Tangney et al. 1992; Tracy and Robins 2002).”
Background
Narcissistic personality disorder: a current review.
Ronningstam, E. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0084-z · Cited by 177
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Self-citation
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“Further complicating matters, shame motivates both antisocial [88,89] and prosocial [61,78,90] behaviors.”
BackgroundInfluential
Young Children's Adjustment as a Function of Maltreatment, Shame, and Anger
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Coping strategies used by hypersexual patients to defend against the painful effects of shame
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“1 Distinguishing between condemnation of the self and the act has proved a useful predictor of the disposition to feel empathy and anger in the field of personality measurement (Tangney, 1991; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Shame, guilt, and anger in college students exposed to abusive family environments
Hoglund, C. L., & Nicholas, K. B. (1995) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf02110597 · Cited by 159
“In addition, these results provide some substantiation for Tangney et al.'s (1992) conclusion that guilt appears to be a more adaptive emotion than shame.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Effects of Measuring Emotion: Physiological Reactions to Emotional Situations Depend on whether Someone Is Asking
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“The behavioral coding results may also reflect the fact that anger and shame are closely related emotions [73].”
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Feelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A systematic review
Bastin, C., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Moll, J., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019 · Cited by 177
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The Relation of Shame and Guilt to Eating Disorder Symptomatology
Sanftner, J. L., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Tangney, J. P. (1995) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.315 · Cited by 154
Self-citation
Does the test of self-conscious affect (TOSCA) measure maladaptive aspects of guilt and adaptive aspects of shame? An empirical investigation
Luyten, P., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Corveleyn, J. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00197-6 · Cited by 154
Assessing Jail Inmates’ Proneness To Shame and Guilt
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Self-citation
Why victims of undermining at work become perpetrators of undermining: An integrative model.
Lee, K.-Y., Kim, E. S., Bhave, D. P., & Duffy, M. K. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000092 · Cited by 162
The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication
OETZEL, J. G., & Ting‐Toomey, S. (2013) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452281988 · Cited by 164
Individual Differences in Experiences of and Responses to Guilt and Shame: Examining the Lenses of Gender and Gender Role
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“In this study, men who expressed femininity exhibited heightened guiltproneness (empathic guilt), an adaptive characteristic that has been found to be associated with relationship maintenance, reparations, and apologies (Bybee & Quiles, 1998; Niedenthal et al., 1994; Tangney et al., 1992).”
Emotional Intelligence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Salovey, P. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998557.ch11 · Cited by 144
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Jakupcak, M., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2005) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.275 · Cited by 141
Age and Anger
Schieman, S. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676352 · Cited by 142
Male abusiveness in intimate relationships
Dutton, D. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00028-n · Cited by 141
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SCOTT, K. L., & Straus, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260507301227 · Cited by 140
“In this way, the focus of hostile feelings, originally directed inwards against the self, are shifted to the “disapproving” other (Lewis, 1971; Scheff, 1987, Tangney, Wagner, Hill-Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1996) and abusive behaviors can be more readily justified by the perceived negativity of the other ( Tangney,…”
Background
Guilt, Shame, and Reparative Behavior: The Effect of Psychological Proximity
Ghorbani, M., Liao, Y., Çayköylü, S., & Chand, M. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1350-2 · Cited by 142
Unwanted Identities: A Key Variable in Shame–Anger Links and Gender Differences in Shame
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“close connections between shame and anger (e.g., Hogland & Nicholas, 1995; H. B. Lewis, 1971; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ), this also raises the question of whether unwanted identities play any role in mediating the shame–anger link.”
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“Such shame should also be contrasted with features of the Guilt scale, which highlights the recognition and feeling that one's behavior has violated some personal standard ( Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ).”
Background
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“For example, shame has been found to be positively correlated with externalising blame for negative acts (Tangney et al., 1992), and it has been shown to generate rationalisations about transgressions or to denying having committed any unacceptable behaviours (Macdonald, 1998; Stiles, 1987; Tangney, Miller, Flicker, &…”
Background
Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach
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“For instance, anger directed inward might be a consequence of attributing an abundance of responsibility to the self for personal failures (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992 ) and anger directed outward and blaming others can be a strategy to avoid experiencing painful states of anxiety (Baumeister, 1991 ).”
Background

Authors: Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R.
ORCID: Tangney, June P.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 669-675
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669
OpenAlex: W4296826512
Cited by: 620
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 12.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: shame, guilt, anger, aggression, self-reported aggression, emotion regulation

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

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