Cited by 624Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

Tangney, June P., Wagner, Patricia, Fletcher, Carey, Gramzow, Richard·1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669

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“Taken together with prior research that has, for example, found positive relationships between trait self-consciousness and shame-proneness (Tangney et al., 1992), the present data offer important support for the idea that a core feature of the proclivity to experience shame is a concern with the implications of a neg…”
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“…guilt, all analyses predicting one emotion included the other emotion as a covariate (e.g., we regressed shame onto appraisal controlling for guilt; Tangney et al., 1992).2 Consistent with our hypotheses, publicity uniquely predicted shame (standardized regression coefficient [β] = .41, p < .001),…”
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“The results of the present research indicate that in addition to being associated with psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and aggression (e.g., Tangney & Dearing, 2002; Tangney et al., 1992), the propensity to experience shame across situations is also associated with levels of Cluster C PD symptoms.”
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“and even addictive behaviors (Randles and Tracy 2013; Tangney et al. 1992)—these costs must be weighed against the alternative: not experiencing shame in typical shame-eliciting situations.”
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“For example, shame-prone people report greater active concealment of self-related negative thoughts (Pineles, Street, & Koenen, 2006) and indirect expressions of hostility (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992).”
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“A more typical reaction is to confront rather than to shrink away from or otherwise avoid the guilt-evoking situation ( Tangney et al., 1992a ).”
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“Scholars have vigorously debated the distinction between guilt and shame ( Tangney et al. , 1992”
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“However, with proneness to shame controlled for, proneness to guilt was negatively correlated or unrelated to anxiety and depression (Tangney et al., 1992).”
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“Tangney and her colleagues (Tangney 1990; Tangney et al. 1992) have used the term shame-proneness to describe individuals who become overwhelmed by their own feelings of personal inadequacy when they make a mistake.”
Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalence, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation
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“A test-retest reliability score of .74 for the guilt scale of the TOSCA was obtained in prior research (Tangney et al., 1992).”
Method
Mapping Shame and Its Functions in Relationships
Ferguson, T. J. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505281430 · Cited by 53
The Emergence of Gender Differences in Guilt during Adolescence
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Intimate abusiveness.
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The consequences of confronting prejudice
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The shame spiral of addiction: Negative self-conscious emotion and substance use
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“Shame-free guilt has been correlated with characteristics such as enhanced empathy [14] and has been associated with increased likelihood of taking responsibility for one’s actions rather than deflecting blame [15], leading some to conceptualize it as more adaptive than shame.”
Background
Me against we: In-group transgression, collective shame, and in-group-directed hostility
Piff, P., Martinez, A. G., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.595394 · Cited by 44
“Shame signifies an attack on one's identity (Niedenthal, Tangney, & Gavanski, 1994 ) and can motivate individuals to be hostile toward others (Bierhoff, 2002 ; Gilligan, 2003 ; Paulhus, Robins, Trzesniewski, & Tracy, 2004; Stuewig & Tangney, 2007 ; Tangney et al, 1992 ).”
Aversion and proneness to shame in self- and informant-reported personality disorder symptoms.
Schoenleber, M. L., & Berenbaum, H. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0025654 · Cited by 43
“The negative relationships between guilt-proneness and BPD and NPD are broadly consistent with the literature; given that guiltproneness tends to be related to positive outcomes (e.g., Tangney et al., 1992), we would not expect it to be positively associated with these disorders.”
Transgressors’ guilt and shame
Riek, B. M., Luna, L. M. R., & Schnabelrauch, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513503595 · Cited by 57
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Constructive and destructive aspects of shame and guilt.
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Self-citation
Tracing the Self-Regulatory Bases of Moral Emotions
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“Both foci may also be present after a transgression, which may account for the positive correlations often found between the two emotions in research studies (see, e.g., Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
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When do abusive leaders experience guilt?
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“When measured by the TOSCA-3, guilt is not usually correlated with psychological symptoms (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Baumeister et al., 1994, 1995; Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher et al., 1992; Tangney, Wagner, Gramzow et al., 1992; Tangney et al., 2007; Tracy et al., 2007).”
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The Effect of Shame‐Proneness, Guilt‐Proneness, and Internalizing Tendencies on Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
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“Shame is a feeling that targets the whole ‘self’ and creates a sense of worthlessness and helplessness, which can induce unconstructive responses such as avoidance, blaming, and antagonism (Tangney et al. 1992).”
Background
Motherhood Experiences and Expectations
Prikhidko, A., & Swank, J. M. (2018) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480718795116 · Cited by 40
“It may also lessen anger directed toward children, as shameproneness is related to experiencing anger toward the object of shame (Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Perfectionism, Shame, and Aggression in Depressive Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Fjermestad‐Noll, J., Ronningstam, E. F., Bach, B., Rosenbaum, B., & Simonsen, E. H. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.25 · Cited by 45
The Effects of Self‐Regulatory Strength, Content, and Strategies on Close Relationships
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Psychological Differences in Shame vs. Guilt: Implications for Mental Health Counselors
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“This externalizing of blame was one of the chief markers of shame (Tangney & Dearing, 2002; Tangney et al., 1992, 1996).”
Background
The longitudinal links between shame and increasing hostility during adolescence
Heaven, P. C. L., Ciarrochi, J., & Leeson, P. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.002 · Cited by 39
“The PANASX does not have a subscale labelled shame, but we will argue below that five of the six items on the guilt subscale are in fact a measure of shame as currently defined (see Lewis, 1987; Lutwak et al., 2003; Tangney, 1991, 1995; Tangney et al., 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Self-conscious emotions in worry and generalized anxiety disorder
Schoenleber, M., Chow, P. I., & Berenbaum, H. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12047 · Cited by 36
“Shame is positively associated with a wide variety of psychological problems, even after taking guilt into account (e.g., Tangney et al., 1992).”
Background
Potential Pathways From Stigmatization and Externalizing Behavior to Anger and Dating Aggression in Sexually Abused Youth
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“Feeling guilty, irritated (angry) and threatened are all supported by Tangney’s (1991; Tangney et al. 1992) work on reactions to threat to self.”
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“The relationship between shame and anger has been the object of a number of theoretical and empirical investigations (Lewis 1971; Tangney et al. 1992).”
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“These emotions, but particularly shame (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, and Gramzow, 1992 ) and anger, lead to resentment, irritability, and hostility that increase the likelihood of psychopathology (Tangney, Wagner, and Gramzow, 1992 ).”
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“Research supports differentiating between shame and guilt (Cohen, Wolf, Panter, & Insko, 2011; Tangney et al., 1992).”
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“Despite high reliability, some scholars have proposed that the effects of guilt and shame could be different (Tangney et al. 1992).”
Background

Authors: Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R.
ORCID: Tangney, June P.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 669-675
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669
OpenAlex: W4296826512
Cited by: 620
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 12.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: shame, guilt, anger, aggression, self-reported aggression, emotion regulation

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Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

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