Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process.

“of self-enhancement (held in check by the reality constraints of self-assessment; Trope, 1980, 1986) as the paramount motive with which other human motives must not conflict (Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides & Gregg, 2003).”

“The model distinguishes between three types of feedback (Sedikides, 1993, 1995): (1) negative versus positive feedback; (2) central feedback (i.e., relevant to self-aspects that are relatively high in certainty, descriptiveness, and personal importance) versus peripheral feedback (i.e., relevant to…”

“In line with this, there is ample evidence that people use both self-enhancing and self-verifying (or schematic) processing strategies, but that they use them under different conditions (see De La Ronde & Swarm, 1993; Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides & Strube, 1993; Swarm, 1990).”

“…pertaining to the self (e.g., Kunda, 1987), seeking more accurate information about one's positive traits compared to one's negative traits (e.g., Sedikides, 1993), and considering one's positive attributes as more important than one's negative attributes (e.g., Pelham & Swann, 1989), to name a…”

“Across a variety of domains, people prioritize internal factors when explaining their successes (Sedikides, 1993): athletes attribute their victories to hard work (De Michele et al., 1998), students attribute their good grades to intelligence (McAllister, 1996), and workers attribute their…”

“Thus, the individual acts to counteract and minimize the threat, that is, engage in psychological defense (Sedikides, 1993).”

“Sedikides (1993) found that among the three major motivations for self-evaluation (i.e., self-assessment, self-enhancement, and self-verification), the self-enhancement motive was shown to be the most powerful determinant of the self-evaluation process.”

“Human beings are highly motivated to feel positively about themselves (Sedikides, 1993), and one method for doing this is to identify with groups and to garner some additional sense of self-definition from those affiliations (Deaux, Reid, Mizrahi & Cotting, 1999).”

“Maintenance of the self is motivational, meaning that people defend (self-protection; Sedikides, Green, Saunders, Skowronski, & Zengel, 2016) and augment (selfenhancement; Sedikides, 1993) themselves in various ways in order to maintain a positive view of themselves.”

“For college students, if they fixate on always maintaining a positive selfview, they distort self-knowledge to protect or enhance self-esteem (Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1993; Sedikides, 1993; Taylor & Brown, 1988).”

“, improving the positivity of one’s self-concept) (Sedikides 1993).”

“Individuals are motivated to maintain positive self (Sedikides, 1993) and social identities (Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990; Tajfel & Turner, 1986), which can be achieved by positively differentiating the in-group from comparison out-groups (Tajfel & Turner, 1986).”

“However, self-enhancement (that is, the desire to enhance a positive view of the self and to shield it from negative information) has been found to be a dominating need (Sedikides 1993).”

“From the perspective of social dominance theory (Sidanius et al., 2004) and self-enhancement perspective (Sedikides, 1993), bullies often occupy dominant positions within peer hierarchies and maintain superficially elevated levels of self-esteem.”

“They may build our self-esteem by reminding us of our good qualities (self-enhancement; Sedikides, 1993); they may assure us that the aspects of ourselves that we hold most dear are in fact true of us (self-verification; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Self-esteem is a construct that helps us dealing with self-acceptance, as self -esteem represents a subjective assessment of oneself, which can be misevaluated positive or negative ( Sedikides, 1993 ).”

“According to Sedikides (1993), there is an important motive of the self, called self-understanding (self-assessment), and it aims to search for accurate and reliable knowledge about oneself.”

“Personality tests provide self-assessment (the pursuit of accurate self-knowledge), self-enhancement (the pursuit of favorable self-knowledge) and self-verification (the pursuit of highly certain self-knowledge) [92].”

“Private self-motives dispose consumers towards brands congruent with their actual and ideal self-image, they are serving intra-personal acceptance goals (Sedikides, 1993).”

“Sedikides (1993) contribute that yet people learn positive things about their self then negative things.”

“Sedikides (1993) shows that selfassessment does exist and is one of the self-evaluation motives.”

“Individuals are motivated to protect, maintain, and enhance the positivity of their self-concept (Brown & Dutton, 1995; Dunning, 1993; Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides & Strube, 1997).”

“Sedikides [5] suggests that the self-assessment motive will prompt people to seek information to confirm their uncertain self-concept rather than their certain self-concept and at the same time people use self-assessment to enhance their certainty of their own self-knowledge As creativity research to date has mainly f…”

“Most commonly discussed are self-assessment, self-enhancement and self-verification (Anseel, et al., 2015; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Moreover, it is important to emphasize the role of self-enhancement motive (Swann, 1990; Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides & Strube, 1997; Sedikides, Herbst, Hardin, & Dardis, 2002; Sedikides, Gaertner, & Toguchi, 2003), which is the strongest self-motive.”

“스스로에 대한 긍정적 정보를 선택적으로 수집함으로 써 자신을 긍정적으로 평가하고 바람직한 자기상(self image)을 유지하거나 촉진하고자 하는 자기 고양 (self-enhancement) 동기는 개인이 지닌 가장 강력한 내적 동기 중 하나이다(Sedikides, 1993).”

“Narcissistic Subtypes and the Self-Serving Attributional Bias Much previous research has linked narcissism with self-enhancement (Farwell & Wohlwend-Lloyd, 1998; John & Robins, 1994; Miller & Campbell, 2010; Sedikides, 1993; Stucke, 2003).”