Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process.

“The former is improbable given the importance of maintaining a positive view of the self (Sedikides, 1993) while the latter seems unlikely given the relatively small effect sizes produced by the nameletter effect.”

“In addition, people may show preferences to be with others who perceive them as they wish to see themselves and who are therefore likely to convey feedback consistent with the desired self (see Sedikides, 1993; Tesser, 1988).”

“…Self-Presentation; Impression Management; Accountability; SelfEsteem; Self-Worth Narcissism and Self-Presentation: The Moderating Effects of Accountability and Contingencies of Self-Worth People seem fundamentally motivated to increase the positivity of their self-conceptions (Sedikides, 1993).”

“Self-enhancement concerns are often distinguished from orientations toward self-assessment—seeking diagnostic self-related information (flattering or otherwise), and selfverification—seeking confirmation of existing self-views (e.g., Sedikides, 1993; Swann, 1990).”

“A self-assessment component was also introduced to promote insight about potential misinformation or beliefs held about benzodiazepine use [54,55].”

“This may suggests that dialogues with the Helpless Child function as a source of self-instruction and address the question of how to improve one's own behavior, which is close to the self-improvement motive by Sedikides (1993) .”

“In American culture, high selfesteem requires standing out in a crowd—being special and above average (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999; Sedikides, 1993).”

“, Sedikides, 1993). However, these studies tested what respondents liked better, rather than what types of interpretations they are more likely to adopt. People may indeed prefer an enhancing interpretation over a verifying one, yet will act on this preference primarily when they can do so without feeling that they ar…”

“The idea that strong selfviews are more consequential has been confirmed in the social cognition literature (Markus 1977; Sedikides 1993; Sedikides and Green 2000), and it is thus surprising that there are so few applications of this strength-related perspective to the trait literature (for an…”

“’ Schemas are organized knowledge structures through which we encode our perceptions of social interaction, allowing us to make sense of our own behaviour and the behaviour of others (Fong & Markus, 1982; Kihlstrom & Klein, 1994; Markus, 1977; Sedikides, 1993; Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003).”

“Second, our participants focused on central (or core) facets of the self (Sedikides, 1993).”

“However, self-evaluative motives are not mutually exclusive; they can and often do operate simultaneously (e.g., Morling & Epstein, 1997; Sedikides, 1993; Swann et al., 1989).”

“Because a positive self-evaluation is desirable (Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides & Strube, 1997), it is likely that coworkers will actively add incompetent employees to their out-group.”

“Interpreted in this way, these data might provide evidence to support the assertion that people are motivated to engage in personal self-enhancement (Sedikides, 1993; Tajfel & Turner, 1979), and that this is associated with persistence in challenging tasks and resiliency in the face of adversity…”

“To accomplish this goal, they sometimes engage in subtle and not-so-subtle mental back flips to achieve desired conclusions (Baumeister, 1998a,bBaumeister, 1998a,b; Sedikides, 1993).”

“One such prediction is that children would expect individuals to be more willing to disclose positive than negative outcomes so as to appear competent, as is consistent with evidence that people generally strive to present themselves in a favorable light (Kunda, 1990; Sedikides, 1993).”

“…body of research in social psychology has examined the relative strength of the self-enhancement, selfverification (desire to confirm existing self-views), and self-assessment (desire to acquire accurate information about the self) motives under various conditions (e.g., Sedikides, 1993).”

“Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Fromm, 1956; Horney, 1945; Maslow, 1968) and the need for selfesteem (e.g., Allport, 1939; Baumeister, 1982; E. E. Jones, 1964; Sedikides, 1993; Steele, 1988; Taylor & Brown, 1988; Tesser, 1988).”

“Self-evaluation Self-assessment Comparison between real and ideal selves (Higgins, 1987; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Because self-verification goals reflect the desire to be known and understood by others (Swann, 1990), self-presentational behaviors enacted in the service of these goals are likely to reflect greater honesty about the self than behaviors reflecting other self-evaluative goals, such as self-enhancement goals, which re…”

“Nonetheless, even though realistic appraisal would appear to be adaptively advantageous, Sedikides (1993) has shown that self-enhancement and self-consistency— constructive appraisals—are widely preferred to realistic appraisal.”

“Identity themes also vary in their centrality (Sedikides, 1993, 1995).”

“…al. (2013) suggest that self-enhancement is the selective attention for and promotion of self-relevant information (e.g., organizational information) that has favorable implications for the self and avoid information that has negative implications (see also Kowalski & Leary, 1990; Sedikides, 1993).”

“These situations have been simulated in experimental settings (SEDIKIDES, 1993).”

“A final reason is that people prefer (Sedikides, Luke, & Hepper, 2016; Sedikides & Strube, 1997) or solicit (Hepper & Sedikides, 2012; Sedikides, 1993) positive (i.”

“This assumption is motivated by the psychological theory of self-enhancement or the tendency to a rm the self (Baumeister 1998, Fiske 2001, Sedikides 1993) and includes the tendency to draw attention to one's skills and talents (Baumeister 1998, Wojnicki and Godes 2011).”

“Not only do self-schemas describe a core part of the individual’s selfconcept, they also direct and organize efficiently the processing and evaluation of self-relevant (Markus, 1977; Sedikides, 1993) and other-relevant (Markus & Smith, 1981; Sedikides & Green, 2000) information.”

“For example, extra effort and success might lead to positive (and somewhat self-disconfirming) evaluations that can be incorporated into their sense of enhanced self (e.g., Sedikides, 1993), positively feeding into the individual’s leader identity and efficacy.”

“In particular, reactions to EE policies may be negative because such policies invoke a self-image threat, or a threat to the overall worth and integrity of the self (Fein & Spencer, 1997; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Recent work by Sedikides (1993) suggests that although both selfverification and self-enhancement motives may influence self-evaluations and behavior, self-enhancement motives are stronger.”

“However, despite consistent evidence that the desire to present a favorable impression to others is a powerful force in guiding social behavior (e.g., Leary & Kowalski, 1990; Sedikides, 1993 ), the planning fallacy literature has been relatively silent with regard to the role of this motive.”

“As such, affected lower-level members are predicted to react more negatively because of their limited participation in the initial decision making, while top management with greater ownership and investment in the decision to initiate reengineering is more likely to view such changes positively.([7,14]) Those at highe…”

“Research has found that people will find ways to protect the self from negative information while reaping the benefits of positive information (e.g., Ditto & Lopez, 1992; Kunda, 1990; Liberman & Chaiken, 1992; Sedikides, 1993).”

“, & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic”

“This process emphasizes people's desire to obtain positive information rather than consistent information (”

“In the self literature, much of the research on knowledge acquisition has focused on the self-enhancement motive (e.g. Sedikides, 1993; Taylor & Brown, 1988), while research has focused to a lesser extent on consistency (Swann & Read, 1981a; 1981b) and accuracy (Trope, 1980) motives.”

“Selfenhancement theory, for example, proposes that people are motivated to view themselves favorably (Jussim, Yen, & Aiello, 1995; Sedikides, 1993; Swann, Pelham, & Krull, 1989; for reviews, see, Jones, 1973; Shrauger, 1975).”

“…people are motivated to seek both positive information about themselves and information that is consistent with their preexisting self-concepts (Sedikides, 1993; Swann, Griffin, Predmore, & Gaines, 1987), people low in self-esteem will likely seek both positive (i.e., reflecting an enhancement…”

“Given our inherent motivation to be good (Sedikides, 1993), we hypothesized that both the approach and avoid manipulations (independently and in conjunction) would increase perceived rapport with the interviewer (Hypothesis 1) and increase information disclosure by the participant (Hypothesis 2).”

“We wanted to know whether being handed out nomothetically important (Sedikides, 1993, 1995) identity aspects makes a difference.”

“The self-reflection task allows participants the opportunity to acquire veridical selfknowledge free of self-presentational or evaluative concerns (Sedikides, 1993, 2018).”

“These responses can prevent people from developing an accurate self-concept, which can affect their ability to adaptively self-regulate (Crocker & Park, 2004) thereby limiting growth and change (Sedikides, 1993).”

“Specifically, highly evaluative traits are prone to self-serving biases (Dunning, Heath, & Suls, 2004; Robins & John, 1997; Sedikides, 1993); consequently, the accuracy of self-reports will likely be hampered for such traits, especially because individuals differ in their self-enhancing tendencies…”

“Rather, people are likely to recite standard personal and cultural theories for their behaviors, highlight information that confirms existing beliefs, draw upon accessible thoughts, and prioritize that which is conducive to self-enhancement (e.g., Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Sedikides, 1993; Wilson, Hodges, & Lafleur, 199…”

“One of the main processes associated with motivation is the desire to attain positive self-regard (Sedikides, 1993; see Baumeister, 1998; Tesser, 2001).”

“People have a strong desire to leave a favorable impression of themselves on others, particularly of their competence (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007; Baumeister, 1982; Jones & Wortman, 1973; Schlenker, Weigold, & Hallam, 1990; Sedikides, 1993; Wojciszke & Abele, 2008).”

“With regard to overly positive self-ratings, it is commonly assumed that a general need for egoprotection promotes biased attention and information processing (cf. Andersen & Ross, 1984; Dunning, 1999; Robins & John, 1997; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Among the three motives of self-evaluation (Sedikides, 1993), two have been found to be particularly impactful when people look badly by social comparison.”

“motives are challenged (Sedikides, 1993).”

“This tendency reflects a form of selfenhancement (e.g., Sedikides 1993).”

“Individuals with higher self-esteem tend to have more positive self-conceptions, as seen in the present study, and tend to receive more favourable feedback than unfavourable feedback, feedback that is both verifying and enhancing (Sedikides, 1993; Swann, Griffin, Predmore, & Gaines, 1987).”

“example, the tendency to (a) select contexts that reveal positive but not negative aspects of a person occurs when assessing the self but not when assessing other people (Sedikides, 1993), (b)”

“…in a positive light, especially with regard to intentions and plans (e.g., Epley & Dunning, 2000; Kruger & Gilovich, 2004; Pronin et al., 2007; Sedikides, 1993), that people would not only use information about potential more in their self assessments than in their assessments of others but…”

“In these critical experiments, the self-enhancement motive is shown to be more potent, although self-assessment concerns are also operative (Sedikides, 1993; see also Alicke & Govorun, 2005; J. D. Brown & Dutton, 1995; Sedikides & Gregg, 2003).”

“In short, people actively pursue information that enhances the self, but evade information that hurts the self (Gregg, Sedikides, & Gebauer, 2011; Sedikides, 1993).”

“Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 317-338. Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (2000). On the self-protective nature of inconsistencynegativity management: Using the person memory paradigm to examine…”

“Selfenhancement is defined as the desire to enhance the positive nature of self-conceptions and to protect the self from negative information (Sedikides, 1993).”

“Indeed, prior theorizing has suggested that people possess conflicting goals to see themselves in both a reasonably accurate and self-serving light (Kunda, 1990; Mazar et al., 2008; Sedikides, 1993).”

“In discussing their role as protectors, ArD males also demonstrated the self-enhancement motivation that often underlies intergroup comparisons (Sedikides, 1993).”

“For example, Sedikides (1993) showed that people pursue self-knowledge, a pillar of self-enhancement, in order to achieve laudatory outcomes, leading to internally attributing successes and externally attributing failures.”

“Studies have shown that one’s selfenhancement/self-protection motivations are dominant among many motives (Sedikides, 1993; Sedikides and Strube, 1997).”

“The behaviours in Experiment 3 were taken from Green and Sedikides (2004) and were divided into high and low diagnosticity.”