The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Abstract
Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to Whites in the ability-diagnostic condition but not in the nondiagnostic condition (with Scholastic Aptitude Tests controlled). Study 3 validated that ability-diagnosticity cognitively activated the racial stereotype in these participants and motivated them not to conform to it, or to be judged by it. Study 4 showed that mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic. The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Steele & Aronson (1995) found that”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“Other studies have found that bringing the social identities and/or the stereotypes of students of certain (typically low-status) groups to mind can reduce their ability and desire to learn (Lyons, Simms, Begolli, & Richland, 2018;V. J. Taylor & Walton, 2011), their motivation and persistence on academic tasks (Steele & Aronson, 1995) and, even among high achievers, their commitment to their”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“Social identity threat and/or identity incompatibility have been found to reduce the performance of Black and Latino students in U.S. schools and colleges (Chu & Brown, 2017;Gonzales, Blanton, & Williams, 2002;Steele & Aronson, 1995); students and young children of lower social class in the United States (Désert, Préaux, & Jund, 2009;B. Spencer & Castano, 2007), France (Croizet & Claire, 1998),”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“but that the performance of the Black students dropped when the test was described as assessing their intelligence and thus became relevant to the prevalent negative stereotype about their academic ability.”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“They are also thought to explain the finding that describing a test in terms that make evaluation possible-and thus the possibility of confirming the negative stereotype-also reduces performance among low-status groups (Steele & Aronson, 1995).”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“Negative stereotypes are key antecedents to threat in theories of social identity threat (especially stereotype threat; Steele & Aronson, 1995)”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“For example, one study conducted in the United States found that White students and Black students performed equally well on an intelligence test (when covariate adjusted) when the test was described as a series of puzzles”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“However, methodological and contextual accounts, such as stereotype threat (e.g., Steele & Aronson, 1995) or differential item functioning (DIF; e.g., Abad et al., 2004), suggest potential avenues through which changes to the administration of CATs could minimise mean score group differences.”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“However, when they removed the relevancy of the stereotype by framing the same task as an exercise of problem solving, rather than an assessment of their intellect, there was no difference in the performance of Black and White students, again controlling for initial differences in skill level.”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“In their influential work, Steele and Aronson (1995) showed that when the stereotype of African American intellectual inferiority was”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
In the citing paper
“Thinking that one is being evaluated through the lens of negative stereotypes can focus a person's attention on the negative aspects of a stereotype and serve to undermine achievement (e.g., Steele & Aronson, 1995).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Steele & Aronson, 1995
Citations
Cites
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426
The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0047707 · Cited by 3,090 · cited 1×
“…may interfere with their performance in a variety of ways: by causing an arousal that reduces the range of cues participants are able to use (e.g., Easterbrook, 1959), or by diverting attention onto task-irrelevant worries (e.g., Sarason, 1972; Wine, 1971), by causing an interfering…”
BackgroundHow Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement
Jensen, A. (1969) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7 · Cited by 2,907
(1980) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,935
Baumeister, R. F. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.3.610 · Cited by 1,665
Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research
Spielberger, C. D. (1972) · Cited by 1,640
The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs.
Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509 · Cited by 1,366
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,101–3,200 of 8,461
Effet Proteus et amorçage : ces avatars qui nous influencent
Guegan, J., Buisine, S., & Collange, J. (2017) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.547.0003 · Cited by 18
Cracking wise to break the ice: The potential for racial humor to ease interracial anxiety
Borgella, A. M., Howard, S., & Maddox, K. B. (2019) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2018-0133 · Cited by 18
Ross, M. T. (2020) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlaa002 · Cited by 18
Belonging in STEM: Growth Mindset as a Filter of Contextual Cues
Williams, C. L., Hirschi, Q., Hulleman, C. S., & Roksa, J. (2021) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-021-00111-z · Cited by 23
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12818 · Cited by 18
Helping new teachers stay and thrive in rural schools
Brenner, D., Azano, A. P., & Downey, J. (2021) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/00317217211065821 · Cited by 18
Deconstructing Whiteliness in the Globalized Classroom
Kim, D.-J., & Olson, B. (2016) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/atd-b.2016.0933.2.06 · Cited by 19
Rodríguez, T. M., Sheffler, P., Ferguson, L., Rebok, G. W., & Wu, R. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01413-0 · Cited by 18
Collectively constructing gender-inclusive work cultures in STEM
Hall, W. M., Schmader, T., Cyr, E. N., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2022) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2022.2109294 · Cited by 22
Yang, Y., & Gentry, M. (2022) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862221119208 · Cited by 20
Moser, C. E., & Branscombe, N. R. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221140300 · Cited by 18
Gender gaps in Mathematics and Language: The bias of competitive achievement tests
Arias, O., Canals, C., Mizala, A., & Meneses, F. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283384 · Cited by 18
Motor Skill Learning in Iranian Girls: Effects of a Relatively Long Induction of Gender Stereotypes
Mousavi, S. M., Salehi, H., Iwatsuki, T., Velayati, F., & Deshayes, M. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01398-2 · Cited by 18
McMurran, M., Weisbart, D., & Atit, K. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102349 · Cited by 18
Decolonial love as a pedagogy of care for Black immigrant post-secondary students
Butler, A. (2023) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2023.2260113 · Cited by 21
I DiG STEM: A Teacher Professional Development on Equitable Digital Game-Based Learning
Villa, A. M., Sedlacek, Q. C., & Pope, H. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13090964 · Cited by 24
Matthews, J. S., Boomhower, K., & Ekwueme, C. (2024) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2023.12.001 · Cited by 20
Rethinking equity and assessment through opportunity to learn
Bennett, R. E. (2025) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2025.2462549 · Cited by 18
Stereotype Threat in Applied Settings Re‐Examined: A Reply1
Stricker, L. J., & Ward, W. C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00363.x · Cited by 18
Lawrence, J. S., & Charbonneau, J. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.08.005 · Cited by 20
Schouten, G. (2015) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12148 · Cited by 18
Educator Perspectives on Earth System Science Literacy: Challenges and Priorities
LaDue, N., & Clark, S. K. (2012) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.5408/11-253.1 · Cited by 18
Understanding Employment Discrimination: A Multilevel Approach
Hirsh, C. E., & Cha, Y. (2008) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00157.x · Cited by 18
Sexist Behavior Undermines Women’s Performance in a Job Application Situation
Koch, S. C., Konigorski, S., & Sieverding, M. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0342-3 · Cited by 18
Succeeding in the Face of Stereotype Threat
Leitner, J. B., Jones, J. M., & Hehman, E. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212463083 · Cited by 18
Aging Perceptions in Tsimane’ Amazonian Forager–Farmers Compared With Two Industrialized Societies
Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Frąckowiak, T., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv080 · Cited by 19
Diversity and consumer behavior
Henderson, G. R., & Rank‐Christman, T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.01.006 · Cited by 18
Harvey, K. E., Suizzo, M., & Jackson, K. M. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1054332 · Cited by 25
Putting the “self” in self-deprecation: When deprecating humor about minorities is acceptable
Ellithorpe, M. E., Esralew, S., & Holbert, L. R. (2014) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2014-0070 · Cited by 18
The Influence of Self-Disclosure on School-Age Children’s Perceptions of Children Who Stutter
Byrd, C. T., & Gkalitsiou, Z. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour · doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000296 · Cited by 18
Experiencing Computer Anxiety Later in Life: The Role of Stereotype Threat
Ivan, L., & Schiau, I. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39943-0_33 · Cited by 19
Gender Effects on Mathematics Achievement: Mediating Role of State and Trait Self-Regulation
Hong, E., O’Neil, H. F., & Feldon, D. F. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614446.014 · Cited by 18
Self-disclosure: Beneficial for cohesion in demographically diverse work groups?
Dumas, T. L., Rothbard, N. P., & Phillips, K. W. (2008) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1016/s1534-0856(08)11007-6 · Cited by 18
Carter, P. L. (2016) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2016.2.5.07 · Cited by 18
Miller, B. A. K. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015603427 · Cited by 18
Graham-LoPresti, J. R., Gautier, S. W., Sorenson, S. M., & Hayes‐Skelton, S. A. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.003 · Cited by 19
Nagendra, A., Twery, B., Neblett, E. W., Mustafic, H., Jones, T. S., Gatewood, D., & Penn, D. L. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.074 · Cited by 18
Experiences of Earned Success: Community College Students' Shifts in College Confidence.
Bickerstaff, S., Barragan, M., & Rucks‐Ahidiana, Z. (2017) · International journal on teaching and learning in higher education · Cited by 18
Stereotype Threat Reduces the Positivity of Older Adults’ Recall
Barber, S. J., Seliger, J., Yeh, N., & Tan, S. C. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby026 · Cited by 22
Ethnic-racial typicality and its relation to ethnic identity and psychological functioning.
Mitchell, L. L., Kathawalla, U., Ajayi, A. A., Fish, J., Nelson, S. C., Peissig, L. H. M., & Syed, M. (2018) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000193 · Cited by 19
Barger, M. M. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2018.1469111 · Cited by 20
Reilly, E. D., Awad, G. H., Kelly, M. M., & Rochlen, A. B. (2018) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845318784745 · Cited by 18
Riegle‐Crumb, C., Kyte, S. B., & Morton, K. (2018) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76694-2_6 · Cited by 18
Fairness in psychological testing
Melikyan, Z. A., Agranovich, A. V., & Puente, A. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802203-0.00018-3 · Cited by 18
Tabron, L. A., & Chambers, T. T. V. (2019) · The High School journal/The High school journal · doi:10.1353/hsj.2019.0002 · Cited by 21
Shakil, A., Lutteroth, C., & Weber, G. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300306 · Cited by 18
Hukou identity and fairness in the ultimatum game
Luo, J., Chen, Y., He, H., & Gao, G. (2019) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-019-09700-z · Cited by 18
History of Testing in the United States: Higher Education
Nettles, M. T. (2019) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716219847139 · Cited by 18
Roberts, M. T. (2019) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2019.1640143 · Cited by 18
Game-Framing to Improve Applicant Perceptions of Cognitive Assessments
Collmus, A. B., & Landers, R. N. (2019) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000227 · Cited by 21
Sparks, D. M., & Pole, K. (2019) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/ssm.12361 · Cited by 19
Addressing ageism using intergenerational performing arts interventions
Ermer, A. E., York, K., & Mauro, K. (2020) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2020.1737046 · Cited by 18
Rapa, L. J., Diemer, M. A., & Roseth, C. J. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09546-2 · Cited by 18
Green, D. J.-A., Wout, D. A., & Murphy, M. C. (2020) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000331 · Cited by 19
A dynamical systems description of privilege, power and leadership in academia
Johnston, K. V. (2019) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0961-2 · Cited by 18
Darling‐Aduana, J., Good, A., & Geraghty, E. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920972169 · Cited by 18
Lamont, R. A., Swift, H. J., & Drury, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640567 · Cited by 21
Stereotype Threat in African-American High School Students: An Initial Investigation.
Kellow, J. T., & Jones, B. D. (2005) · Current Issues in Education · Cited by 18
Rahe, M., & Jansen, P. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.2011896 · Cited by 18
Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Balance Performance and Learning in Men
Cardozo, P. L., Chalabaëv, A., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2022) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2022.2045248 · Cited by 18
Campbell-Montalvo, R. A., Cooke, H., Smith, C. A. S., Miller, M. H., Wao, H., Puccia, E., Mayberry, M., & Skvoretz, J. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.780331 · Cited by 18
Education systems and inequalities
Hadjar, A., & Groß, C. (2016) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/policypress/9781447326106.003.0001 · Cited by 18
Camus, G., & Berjot, S. (2015) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.105.0053 · Cited by 18
Affirmative Action and Standardized Test Scores.
Fleming, J. (2000) · The Journal of Negro Education · Cited by 18
Moving Beyond Whiteness in North American Academic Libraries
Warner, J. N. (2001) · Libri · doi:10.1515/libr.2001.167 · Cited by 18
Moloto, G. R. B., Brink, L., & Nel, J. A. (2014) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v12i1.573 · Cited by 18
THE BITTER TRUTH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BLACK MALE AND BLACK FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
Gibbs, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1142/s108494671450006x · Cited by 18
Ward, A., Atkins, D. C., Lepper, M. R., & Ross, L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211409439 · Cited by 18
A Practical Guide to Gender Diversity for Computer Science Faculty
Franklin, D. M. (2013) · Synthesis lectures on professionalism and career advancement for scientists and engineers · doi:10.2200/s00495ed1v01y201304pro002 · Cited by 18
Age differences in cognitive performance: A study of cultural differences in Historical Context
Ojeda, N., Aretouli, E., Peña, J., & Schretlen, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12059 · Cited by 18
Sunny Side Up: The Reliance on Positive Age Stereotypes in Descriptions of Future Older Selves
Remedios, J. D., Chasteen, A. L., & Packer, D. J. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860903054175 · Cited by 18
Asymétries de la fonction explicative des représentations intergroupes hommes/femmes
Vinet, É., & Moliner, P. (2006) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.069.0047 · Cited by 18
Winston, C. E., Rice, D. W., Bradshaw, B. J., Lloyd, D. L., Harris, L. T., Burford, T. I., Clodimir, G., Kizzie, K., Carothers, K. J., McClair, V. L., et al. (2004) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.116 · Cited by 18
Majority, Minority, and Parity: Effects of Gender and Group Size on Perceived Group Variability
Voci, A., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., & Rubin, M. (2008) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250807100203 · Cited by 18
Stereotype Awareness, Self-Esteem and Psychopathology in People with Psychosis
van Zelst, C., van Nierop, M. M., Oorschot, M., Myin‐Germeys, I., van Os, J., Delespaul, P., & for GROUP (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088586 · Cited by 18
Massey, D. S., & Probasco, L. (2010) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x10000160 · Cited by 18
Weinstein, R. S. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327892.003.0005 · Cited by 18
Wong, W. I. (2016) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12161 · Cited by 23
Morton, C. S., Huang-Saad, A. Y., & Libarkin, J. C. (2016) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/p.26725 · Cited by 18
Género, cultura y desempeño en matemáticas
Salcés, A. M. (2018) · Anales de la Universidad de Chile · doi:10.5354/0717-8883.2018.51143 · Cited by 22
Using Regulatory Focus to Explore Implicit and Explicit Processing in Concept Learning
Markman, A. B., Maddox, W. T., Worthy, D. A., & Baldwin, G. C. (2007) · Cited by 18
Children's perceptions of group variability as a function of status
Guinote, A., Mouro, C., Pereira, M. H. D. R., & Monteiro, M. B. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407073930 · Cited by 18
Poor Performance in Mathematics: Is there a basis for a self‐worth explanation for women?
Thompson, T., & Dinnel, D. L. (2007) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410601104197 · Cited by 18
THE ROLE OF NONCOGNITIVE CONSTRUCTS AND OTHER BACKGROUND VARIABLES IN GRADUATE EDUCATION
Kyllonen, P. C., Walters, A. M., & Kaufman, J. C. (2011) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.2011.tb02248.x · Cited by 18
INQUIRING ABOUT EXAMINEES' ETHNICITY AND SEX: EFFECTS ON AP® CALCULUS AB EXAMINATION PERFORMANCE
Stricker, L. J. (1998) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1998.tb01754.x · Cited by 18
Using the contradiction paradigm to assess ageism
Lassonde, K. A., Surla, C., Buchanan, J. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2011.12.002 · Cited by 18
Pfeifer, J. H., Brown, C. S., & Juvonen, J. (2007) · Cited by 18
Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Steele, J. R., Choi, Y., & Ambady, N. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4163-6_5 · Cited by 18
MINORITY STUDENT SUCCESS: THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN ADVANCED PLACEMENT PROGRAM® (AP®) COURSES
Burton, N. W., Whitman, N. B., Yepes‐Baraya, M., Cline, F. A., & Kim, R. (2002) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.2002.tb01884.x · Cited by 18
Workplace Creativity, Innovation, and Age
Rietzschel, E. F., & Zacher, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_202-1 · Cited by 18
HIV-Related Stigma in the Netherlands
Stutterheim, S. E., Bos, A. E. R., & Schaalma, H. P. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 18
Heinrich, A., Gagné, J., Viljanen, A., Levy, D. A., Ben-David, B., & Schneider, B. A. (2016) · Social Inquiry into Well-Being · doi:10.13165/siiw-16-2-1-05 · Cited by 18
Deutsch, F., Boehnke, M., Kühnen, U., & Boehnke, K. (2011) · doi:10.4087/zeys8049 · Cited by 18
Hammond, Z. (2019) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2019.1609733 · Cited by 18
Leader Identity and CoordinationPreprint
Bhalotra, S. R., Clots‐Figueras, I., Iyer, L. S., & Vecci, J. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 18
What We Teach About Race and Gender: Representation in Images and Text of Children’s BooksPreprint
Adukia, A., Eble, A., Harrison, E., Runesha, H. B., & Szasz, T. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3825080 · Cited by 20
What Are Dual Process Models? Implications for Cultural Analysis in SociologyPreprint
Stoltz, D. S., Ližardo, O., Mowry, R., Sepulvado, B., Ness, J. V., Taylor, M. A., & Wood, M. L. (2018) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/sx8b6 · Cited by 18
Culture, Politics, and Development
Woolcock, M. J. V. (2014) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6939 · Cited by 18
Moritz, S., Spirandelli, K., Happach, I., Lion, D., & Berna, F. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617718000097 · Cited by 17
Barrie, R. E., Langrehr, K., Jerémie-Brink, G., Alder, N., Hewitt, A., & Thomas, A. (2016) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1129494 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 797-811
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2161923363
- Semantic Scholar
- 71dbd1d5c13d7661857b0d245f7ce1d3fac7b0c5
- Cited by
- 9,020
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 346 · 2025: 505 · 2024: 406 · 2023: 462 · 2022: 420 · 2021: 486 · 2020: 532 · 2019: 571 · 2018: 463 · 2017: 461 · 2016: 497 · 2015: 471 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 361 · 2012: 383
- FWCI
- 117.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051977)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- stereotype threat, African Americans, standardized test performance, racial stereotypes, test-taking motivation, racial achievement gap
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Stereotyping, Task Performance and Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
