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Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood.
Abstract
Previous research has found that self-focused rumination maintains or increases depressed mood, whereas distraction decreases depressed mood (S. Nolen-Hoeksema & J. Morrow, 1993; S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Morrow, & B. L. Fredrickson, 1993). The present series of experiments examined these mood regulation strategies in the context of an angry mood. In Experiments 1 and 3, rumination increased anger, whereas distraction decreased or had no effect on anger. In Experiments 2 and 4, women were more likely to choose to ruminate when in a neutral mood but to distract themselves following induction of an angry mood. Men were equally likely to choose rumination or distraction, regardless of mood condition. The results are interpreted and discussed within the framework of an associative-network model of anger.
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“rumination over negative emotional events prolongs angry and depressed affective states (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998)”
From The Affective Style Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Properties (2010) · cites this paper as Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998
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(1993)
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“…1 None R1 Cont1 140 162 0.20 Rusting & DeHart (2000) 2 Negative affect R2 Cont1 20 20 0.00 Rusting & DeHart (2000) 2 Negative affect C1 Cont1 20 20 0.00 Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) 3 Anger D4 Cont1 20 20 0.95 Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) 3 Anger C2 Cont1 20 20 1.18 Santos (2008) 1 Negative…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Koole, S. L. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802619031 · Cited by 1,490
“Indeed, studies have shown that distraction with neutral materials can reduce depression (Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993), and anger (Gerin, Davidson, Goyal, Christenfeld, & Schwartz, 2006; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Role of Gender
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109 · Cited by 1,413
“In two studies using different mood inductions, Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) found that women induced into an angry mood were subsequently more likely to choose a nonemotionfocusing task than an emotion-focusing task, whereas men were more likely to choose to focus on their angry emotions (see…”
Self-citationNolen-Hoeksema, S., & Watkins, E. R. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419672 · Cited by 863
“…has focused on its effects on individuals with an elevated depressed mood, rumination appears to exacerbate whatever mood or theme is currently active in the individual (Blagden & Craske, 1996; Bushman, 2002; Bushman, Bonacci, Pedersen, Vasquez, & Miller, 2005; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 790-803
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2049614219
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 12.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- anger, rumination, distraction, mood regulation, gender differences, emotion regulation strategies
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anger, Attention, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Models, Psychological, Students
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