Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood
Abstract
Mildly-to-moderately depressed and nondepressed subjects were randomly assigned to spend 8 minutes focusing their attention on their current feeling states and personal characteristics (rumination condition) or on descriptions of geographic locations and objects (distraction condition). Depressed subjects in the rumination condition became significantly more depressed, whereas depressed subjects in the distraction condition became significantly less depressed. Rumination and distraction did not affect the moods of nondepressed subjects. These results support the hypothesis that ruminative responses to depressed mood exacerbate and prolong depressed mood. whereas distracting response shorten depressed mood.
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Significant positive association between rumination and depression, as well as negative association between cognitive fusion and decentring and depression have been observed.
“This finding also appears in line with previous research, where significant positive association between rumination and depression,62–65 as well as negative association between cognitive fusion and decentring (a process like cognitive defusion) and depression have been observed.58,62,66,67”
From Preliminary investigation of the associations between psychological flexibility, symptoms and daily functioning in people with chronic abdominal pain (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
Rumination over negative emotional events prolongs angry and depressed affective states.
“rumination over negative emotional events prolongs angry and depressed affective states (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998)”
From The Affective Style Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Properties (2010) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993
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- Authors
- Nolen-hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J.
- Affiliations
- Vassar College (US)
- ORCID
- Morrow, Jannay
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1993-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 561-570
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W1987827459
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- rumination, distraction, depressive mood, mood regulation, attentional focus
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