The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance
Abstract
Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence. " In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was framed as diagnostic of "natural athletic ability. " Experi-ment 2 observed the effect of stereotype threat on the athletic performance of White participants for whom performance in sports represented a significant measure of their self-worth. The implications of the findings for the theory of stereotype threat (C. M. Steele, 1997) and for participation in sports are discussed. Since no one can be indifferent to the abuse and expectations of others we must anticipate that ego defensiveness will frequently be found among members of groups that are set off for ridicule, disparagement, and discrimination. It could not be otherwise. (Allport, 1954, p. 143) Gordon Allport (1954) observed that being the target of a negative stereotype about an important social identity is distressing
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“Moreover, stereotype threat compromises performance in domains beyond academics; for example, threat effects have been shown for White men in athletics (Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley, 1999), older adults in memory tasks (Hess, Auman, Colcombe, & Rahhal, 2003;Levy, 1996), and men in social sensitivity tasks (Koenig & Eagly, 2005).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley, 1999
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Cites
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Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 · Cited by 3,435
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426
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Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520802211628 · Cited by 2,385
An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.336 · Cited by 1,576
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1213-1227
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984167703
- Cited by
- 712
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 45.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- stereotype threat, athletic performance, racial stereotypes, Black athletes, white athletes, task framing, sports intelligence, self-worth, sports participation, golf performance
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