The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The sounds of social life: A psychometric analysis of students' daily social environments and natural conversations.
Abstract
The natural conversations and social environments of 52 undergraduates were tracked across two 2-day periods separated by 4 weeks using a computerized tape recorder (the Electronically Activated Recorder [EAR]). The EAR was programmed to record 30-s snippets of ambient sounds approximately every 12 min during participants' waking hours. Students' social environments and use of language in their natural conversations were mapped in terms of base rates and temporal stability. The degree of cross-context consistency and between-speaker synchrony in language use was assessed. Students' social worlds as well as their everyday language were highly consistent across time and context. The study sheds light on a methodological blind spot--the sampling of naturalistic social information from an unobtrusive observer's perspective.
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“first-person singulars [88]”
From Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach (2013) · cites this paper as [88]
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“…the ostensible naturalness of speech was achieved by having subjects wear an electronic audio-recording device that automatically switched on every twelve-and-a-half minutes and recorded whatever could be captured during the course of the subject ’ s daytime routine (Mehl and Pennebaker 2001).”
BackgroundWhat Were They Thinking? Analytic and Cognitive Language in Instagram Captions
Brownlow, S., Pate, M., Alger, A., & Naturile, N. (2019) · Social Behavior Research and Practice - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/sbrpoj-4-117 · Cited by 7
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“…to be a parameter that affects language learning and use (Mulac & Lundell, 1986; Biber, Conrad, & Reppen, 1998; Mulac, Bradac, & Gibbons, 2001; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003) as well as Language Learning Strategy Use (Oxford, Nyikos, & Ehrman, 1988; Ehrman & Oxford, 1989; Oxford & Nyikos, 1989;…”
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“Language activity occupies one-third of our waking time (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003), and individuals may speak some 15,000 words each day on average (Mehl et al., 2007).”
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“Costs include the amount of time devoted to it: language activity takes up from one fifth to one third of one’s waking time (Dunbar 1998; Mehl and Pennebaker 2003).”
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“However, there is a large basis of literature on the stability of word usage as a psychometric predictor across time and space (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Mehl, Pennebaker, Crow, Dabbs, & Price, 2001; Pennebaker & King, 1999; Pennebaker et al., 2003).”
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“A new methodology called EAR (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003) relies on a small recording device that is programmed to turn on and off throughout the day, recording for a few minutes at a time, producing objective data in natural environments .”
MethodTang, C. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 5
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“…how people listen to music on a day to day basis is to distract themselves while doing other activities such as driving, working and exercising (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Sloboda et al., 2001; Volokhin & Agichtein, 2018), and that Madison and Schi¨olde (2017) sought to preserve ecological…”
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“Social isolation was quantified as time spent alone, coded from the EAR-sampled ambient sounds (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citationERC DMSP: Emotion Recognition in Conversation Based on Dynamic Modeling of Speaker Personalities
Li, X., Yang, Z., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2024) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651504 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, individuals are influenced by other individuals in their surrounding environment [4], and this influence extends to their emotional expressions.”
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“However, self-reference use can vary between contexts (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003) and differing methods of eliciting lies, along with variation in lie topic, might explain in part the inconsistencies reported among these studies.”
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“The LIWC2007 word categorization procedure has good external validity and considerable within-person stability (see Hirsh & Peterson, 2009; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Pennebaker, Chung, Ireland, Gonzales, & Booth, 2007; Pennebaker & King, 1999; Weston, Cox, Condon, & Jackson, 2016).”
Does It Matter What I Say? Using Language to Examine Reactions to Ostracism as It Occurs
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“Accordingly, this might be an explanation for why our ostracized participants in the reflexive stage of ostracism do not use more other-referencing pronouns (such as they, or she), which are thought to signal social awareness and selfmonitoring (Hoover et al., 1983; Mehl and Pennebaker, 2003).”
BackgroundFägersten, K. B., & Stapleton, K. (2022) · Handbook of pragmatics online/Handbook of pragmatics · doi:10.1075/hop.25.swe1 · Cited by 4
Additional evidence on gender and language in academic economics research
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“This comports with the results from Mehl and Pennebaker (2003), Newman et al. (2008), Mulac and Lindell (1994), and Lakoff (1975) that find that women tend to communicate with relatively more tentative tones as compared to men, across a range of communication formats, including casual speech,…”
BackgroundResultValdés, N. (2014) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.7764/psykhe.23.1.472 · Cited by 5
“…on transcriptions of therapeutic conversation, previous studies with different types of texts have shown high consistency (Alpers et al., 2005; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Pennebaker & King, 1999) and high correlations in most categories of both versions, which indicates an adequate degree of…”
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“, 2008), or the respondent’s current situation (Mehl and Pennebaker, 2003; Pasupathi, 2007; Vrij et al., 2007).”
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Interactions3 : language, demographics and personality : an in-depth analysis of German tweets
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“Its categories have been well validated and widely used in a variety of disciplines, including psychology (e.g. Robinson et al., 2013), advertising (e.g. Hewett et al., 2016), and education (e.g. Mehl and Pennebaker, 2003).”
BackgroundTwitter Platformundan Elde Edilen Türkçe Saldırgan Dil Derlemi
YILMAZ, Ş. Ş., Özer, İ., & Gökċen, H. (2022) · Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.46387/bjesr.1173434 · Cited by 3
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“When expressing emotions verbally or through writing, women use more positive emotion, anxiety, and sadness words, whereas men use more anger words (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Newman et al., 2008).”
Charretier, L., Eustache, F., Laisney, M., Dayan, J., Fraisse, F., Sayette, V. D. L., Gagnepain, P., Chakli, A., Klein-Peschanski, C., Peschanski, D., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1390470 · Cited by 5
“The mention of the collective in narratives could represent a social dynamic of sharing the experience with others (55).”
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Psychological attachment style prediction based on short biographies
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Swear Word Fluency, Verbal Fluency, Vocabulary, Personality, and Drug Involvement
Reiman, A., & Earleywine, M. (2022) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000379 · Cited by 5
Author gender and text characteristics in contemporary Swedish fiction
Dahllöf, M. (2023) · Language and Literature International Journal of Stylistics · doi:10.1177/09639470231223533 · Cited by 2
“…supported by data from natural conversations among American students: ‘ Women used more references to positive emotion, but men referred more to anger – a fi nding that is perfectly consistent with gender stereotypes ’ (Newman et al., 2008: 229, restating the fi ndings by Mehl and Pennebaker, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialRuiz, E. H., Asano, M., Ryu, J., Kirby, H., Abernathy, D., & Rosholt, M. (2025) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2025.102291 · Cited by 4
Event-related brain activity in response to partners’ speech in natural conversation
Ishii, C., Watanabe, H., Naruse, Y., & Ihara, A. S. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf068 · Cited by 3
Application of CLARIN Linguistic Tools in Psychological Research
Kučera, D. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110767377-030 · Cited by 2
Les jeux vidéo en ligne, un miroir de la personnalité des internautes ?
Ducheneaut, N., & Yee, N. (2012) · Questions de communication · doi:10.4000/questionsdecommunication.6571 · Cited by 2
“Au vu des nombreuses études reliant le langage et la personnalité en ligne (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Yarkoni, in press), il serait intéressant de comparer directement le pouvoir prédictif des indicateurs comportementaux et langagiers.”
Writing Styles of a Korean Sample by Age: An Exploratory Study
Lee, C., Park, J., & Park, J. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.1.255-261 · Cited by 2
“…(Pennebaker, Mayne, & Francis, 1997), prediction of suicide (Stirman & Pennebaker, 2001), personality (Pennebaker & King, 1999), social crisis (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003), detection of deception (Newman, Pennebaker, Berry, & Richards, 2002), immune activity as CD-4 cell (t-lymphocyte) levels…”
Schaap, N. T. W., & Riet, O. A. W. T. V. D. (2012) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2322-05 · Cited by 2
Automatic Emotion Identification from Text
Wang, W. (2015) · Journal of Bioresource Management · Cited by 2
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“Spontaneous chatter makes up by far the major part of our six hour daily interaction time (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003).”
BackgroundGender Differences in the Use of Portuguese in Social Networks
Guedes, G. P., Bezerra, E. A. D., Ferrari, L., & Duarte, F. (2016) · Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web · doi:10.1145/2976796.2988188 · Cited by 2
“No entanto, essa diferença fica menos percept́ıvel em situações que exigem a utilização da norma culta da ĺıngua.”
How Social Status Influences “Affect Language” in Tweets
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“More recent research finds women are more likely to use emotion words and positive words than men (Augustine, Mehl, & Larsen, 2011; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Newman, Groom, Handelman, & Pennebaker, 2008).”
BackgroundUniversity Students’ Perception in Using English Swear Words
Husna, N. (2020) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.200220.006 · Cited by 2
“It was obvious that social contexts could strongly influence their behavior (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003).”
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“Based on procedures from prior research (e.g., Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003), hours when the participant spoke fewer than 20 words were removed to ensure an adequate representation of speech.”
MethodPersonality and Word Use: Study on Czech Language and the Big Five
Kučera, D., Haviger, J., & Havigerová, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-022-09892-6 · Cited by 3
“…have been found between different linguistic variables (based, for example, on word semantics and grammar) and speakers’ gender and age (Biber, 1991; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Newman et al., 2008), personality traits (Gill & Oberlander, 2019; Tausczik & Pennebaker, 2010; Yarkoni, 2010), social…”
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Taboo Language in Bahraini Arabic
AlSabbagh, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Linguistics Literature & Translation · doi:10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.7.13 · Cited by 2
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“…EAR recordings (e.g. location and general activity) have shown substantial inter117 rater reliability and within-participant temporal stability (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003), and have 118 provided novel insights into processes such as parent-child transmission of negative emotionality 119…”
Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1
Syarif, H. E., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2020) · International Journal of Linguistics Literature & Translation · doi:10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.10.19 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, Mehl and Pennebaker (2003) found that men use speech acts representing anger three times more than women and swear words four times more than women.”
BackgroundVARIATIONS IN COMPLIMENT RESPONSES ACROSS GENDER IN DIFFERENT DISCOURSAL SETTINGS
Baş, M. (2021) · Dil Dergisi · doi:10.33690/dilder.814332 · Cited by 2
“This view is widely supported by research on spoken and written language use of females and males of different age groups (e.g., Rubin & Greene 1992; Mehl & Pennebaker 2003; inter alia).”
BackgroundExploring the feeling of embitterment in the workplace.
Michailidis, E. (2017) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 2
Sexual Communication: An Exploration of How Couples Communicate and Consent to Sexual Behaviors
Newstrom, N. P. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
The Way You Make Me Feel: Evidence for Individual Differences in Affective PresencePreprint
Eisenkraft, N., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1436977 · Cited by 2
How Do Men and Women Express Emotion Differently
Wang, M.-R., & Depner, S. C.-Y. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1799-5_5 · Cited by 1
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An examination of the lyrical construction of pop music
Hart, C. B., & Day, G. J. (2023) · Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science · doi:10.1558/jrds.22323 · Cited by 1
Technology-supported social skills training systems: A systematic literature review
Ding, D., Remeijsen, P., Song, Z., Neerincx, M. A., & Brinkman, W. (2024) · International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD) · doi:10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10580403 · Cited by 1
“Social interactions permeate every aspect of our life as they occupy a considerable part of most people’s waking life [1].”
BackgroundAge and gender differences in meme humor: a multimodal variationist mixed-method approach
Bois, I. D. (2024) · Multimodal Communication · doi:10.1515/mc-2024-0051 · Cited by 2
Authorship analysis of three Jordanian columnists: is there a linguistic fingerprint?
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Methods for Studying Everyday Experience in Its Natural Context
Reis, H. T., Sels, L., & Gable, S. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170123.013 · Cited by 1
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“Others reported gender differences in emotional language use, as women tend to use more positive affirmations, while men are more inclined to use negative statements (Mulac et al., 2013). in business correspondence, women used more positive affirmations (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003).”
Liu, M., Wang, G., & Zhao, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331400 · Cited by 1
“These patterns align with previous research findings that women tend to reference emotions more frequently than men [54] and show higher use of positive emotional expression [55].”
Li, Y. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06267-9 · Cited by 1
“Most previous studies on gender differences have focused on other pronouns, such as I (Mehl and Pennebaker, 2003) and she (Baker, 2014), while Rayson et al. (1997) did not identify we as female-associated either.”
Towards an understanding of ECE students' Use of online homework help forums
Teo, H. J., Johri, A., & Brogan, D. S. (2013) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2013.6684854 · Cited by 1
“Mehl and Pennebaker [11] have used LIWC to examine students’ use of language in their natural conversations outside of the classroom.”
Et si la coopération était un mythe? Un pilier des sciences sociales ébranlé par la simulation
Dessalles, J.-L. (2010) · Nouvelles perspectives en sciences sociales · doi:10.7202/044077ar · Cited by 1
Lee, C. (2012) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.13.4.201208.1609 · Cited by 1
Tweten, C. (2014) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) · Cited by 1
Examining Gender Discourse Differences in Shared Reviews about Books in eWOM
Olmedilla, M., Torres, M. D. R. M., Toral, S. L., & Teso, E. (2015) · International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) · doi:10.1109/dese.2015.36 · Cited by 1
“For instance, women have been found to use more intensive adverbs, more conjunctions, and more modal auxiliary verbs, while men have been found to swear more, use longer words, use more articles, and use more references to location [6].”
BackgroundResultMasculine Features in the Speech of Turkish Female Teenagers
Elyıldırım, S., & Er, A. (2016) · BORDER CROSSING · doi:10.33182/bc.v6i2.500 · Cited by 1
“Mehl and Pennebaker (2003) point out that men do refer to emotions yet they use TPLondon.com/BorderCrossing references to negative emotion (e.g. anger), whereas women do the opposite and refer to positive emotions.”
BackgroundMartínez, R. S. (2018) · Siglo Cero: Revista Española sobre Discapacidad Intelectual · doi:10.14201/scero20184925972 · Cited by 1
Kučera, D. (2021) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-021-00613-y · Cited by 1
The alone team: How an alone mindset affects group processes
Uziel, L., & Seemann, M. (2025) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12777 · Cited by 1
“Research indicates that the amount of time people spend alone is increasing, exceeding 50% for some individuals, varying by factors such as age, familial status, and occupational status (Anttila et al., 2020; Atalay, 2024; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003).”
Personality as Relational Resource in Persuasion Settings
Cheng, K. H. C. (2009) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v4n6p78
“Other dyadic research has also used a similar sample size (Cappella, 1997; Cappella & Street, 1989; Mehl, Gosling, & Pennebaker, 2006; Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Spitzberg & Cupach, 1985).”
MethodGender and Text Messaging in an Iranian Context
Gohardehi, N., & Gheitury, A. (2014) · Iranian Studies · doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.906185 · Cited by 1
Authors perceptions of authors gender:A myth or a truth?
Hamdan, S., & Hamdan, J. M. (2013) · International Journal of English and Literature · doi:10.5897/ijel2013.0497 · Cited by 1
Stead, A. L., Kaye, J. A., Dodge, H. H., Wild, K. V., Mattek, N., Hallett, T. L., & Steiger, J. R. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2017.03.001 · Cited by 1
An Exploratory Study to Detect Temporal Orientation Using Bluetooth's sensor
Hernandez-Cruz, N., Demiray, B., Bert Arnrich, A., & Favela, J. (2019) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3329189.3329223 · Cited by 1
“that much of human behaviour and cognition occurs in social settings [15] we explore the possibility of analysing the temporal orientation of individuals’ thoughts and conversations in real life by using nonintrusive technology.”
BackgroundWHAT MAKES UNIVERSITY STUDENTS SWEAR
Бабушко, С., & Соловей, Л. С. (2019) · Advanced Education · doi:10.20535/2410-8286.159259 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 857-870
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2135604788
- Cited by
- 508
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 81.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH052391, MH52391)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- naturalistic conversation, social environment, everyday language use, Electronically Activated Recorder, temporal stability, unobtrusive observation, undergraduate students, everyday life
- MeSH terms
- Acoustics, Adult, Communication, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Psychometrics, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Students
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