Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films.
Abstract
In this study, the authors investigated the hypothesis that women's sexual orientation and sexual responses in the laboratory correlate less highly than do men's because women respond primarily to the sexual activities performed by actors, whereas men respond primarily to the gender of the actors. The participants were 20 homosexual women, 27 heterosexual women, 17 homosexual men, and 27 heterosexual men. The videotaped stimuli included men and women engaging in same-sex intercourse, solitary masturbation, or nude exercise (no sexual activity); human male-female copulation; and animal (bonobo chimpanzee or Pan paniscus) copulation. Genital and subjective sexual arousal were continuously recorded. The genital responses of both sexes were weakest to nude exercise and strongest to intercourse. As predicted, however, actor gender was more important for men than for women, and the level of sexual activity was more important for women than for men. Consistent with this result, women responded genitally to bonobo copulation, whereas men did not. An unexpected result was that homosexual women responded more to nude female targets exercising and masturbating than to nude male targets, whereas heterosexual women responded about the same to both sexes at each activity level.
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Previous research has not shown female sexual orientation to predictably alter an individual's physiological response to sexual stimuli.
“Although previous research has not shown female sexual orientation to predictably alter an individual’s physiological response to sexual stimuli (73-75)”
From Effects of Mindfulness Training on Body Awareness to Sexual Stimuli: Implications for Female Sexual Dysfunction (2011) · cites this paper as [73]
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Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., Bernhardt, J., Dierksmeier, A., & Banse, R. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.508260 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., DICKEY, R. W., & Cantor, J. M. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognition, Desire, and Unjust Sex
Cahill, A. J. (2013) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12080 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Differential Gaze Behavior towards Sexually Preferred and Non-Preferred Human Figures
Hall, C., Hogue, T., & Guo, K. (2011) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.521899 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Examining gender specificity of sexual response with concurrent thermography and plethysmography
Huberman, J. S., & Chivers, M. L. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12466 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationYule, M. A., Brotto, L. A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0175-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The neural basis of sex differences in sexual behavior: A quantitative meta-analysis
Poeppl, T. B., Langguth, B., Rupprecht, R., Safron, A., Bzdok, D., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.10.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chivers, M. L., Roy, C., Grimbos, T., Cantor, J. M., & Seto, M. C. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0174-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of Sexual Arousal in Homosexual, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Men
Cerny, J. A., & Janssen, E. (2011) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9746-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Viewing Time as a Measure of Bisexual Sexual Interest
Ebsworth, M., & Lalumière, M. L. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9923-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Peterson, Z. D., Janssen, E., & Laan, E. T. M. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9546-y · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Neural correlates of sexual arousal in heterosexual and homosexual women and men.
Sylva, D., Safron, A., Rosenthal, A. M., Reber, P. J., Parrish, T., & Bailey, J. M. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.08.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Robust evidence for bisexual orientation among men
Jabbour, J., Holmes, L., Sylva, D., Hsu, K. J., Semon, T. L., Rosenthal, A. M., Safron, A., Slettevold, E., Watts-Overall, T. M., Savin‐Williams, R. C., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2003631117 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Implicit Sexual Associations in Heterosexual and Homosexual Women and Men
Snowden, R., & Gray, N. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9920-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Estimates of Non-Heterosexual Prevalence: The Roles of Anonymity and Privacy in Survey Methodology
Robertson, R. E., Tran, F. W., Lewark, L. N., & Epstein, R. (2017) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1044-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Can We Change Sexual Orientation?
Beckstead, A. L. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9922-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual Minority Women’s Sexual Motivation Around the Time of Ovulation
Diamond, L. M., & Wallen, K. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9631-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Persson, T. J., Pfaus, J. G., & Ryder, A. G. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.038 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Category-Specificity in Sexual Interest in Gay Men and Lesbians
Rullo, J., Strassberg, D. S., & Israel, E. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9497-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A brief update on the specificity of sexual arousal
Chivers, M. L. (2010) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2010.495979 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationLippa, R. A. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9898-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152785 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationAsexuality: Few Facts, Many Questions
Houdenhove, E. V., Gijs, L. A. C. L., T'Sjoen, G. G., & Enzlin, P. (2013) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2012.751073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Sexual Orientation in Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual Men
Safron, A., Sylva, D., Klimaj, V., Rosenthal, A. M., Li, M., Walter, M., & Bailey, J. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41314 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Sexual Orientation in Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual Women
Safron, A., Klimaj, V., Sylva, D., Rosenthal, A. M., Li, M., Walter, M., & Bailey, J. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18372-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sexual Fantasies and Viewing Times Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Diary Study
Dawson, S. J., Suschinsky, K. D., & Lalumière, M. L. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9939-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Content Preferences for Visual Sexual Stimuli
Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9402-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Chivers, M. L., Bouchard, K. N., & Timmers, A. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142575 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationHuberman, J. S., Suschinsky, K. D., Lalumière, M. L., & Chivers, M. L. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0033397 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationHamann, S. B., Stevens, J. S., Hassett, J. M., Bryk, K. L. K., Quigley, C. A., Berenbaum, S. A., & Wallen, K. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lippa, R. A. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9981-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Semenyna, S. W., Belu, C. F., Vasey, P. L., & Honey, P. L. (2017) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0111-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Possible evolutionary origins of human female sexual fluidity
Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2016) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12278 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Visual Attention Patterns of Women with Androphilic and Gynephilic Sexual Attractions
Dawson, S. J., Fretz, K. M., & Chivers, M. L. (2016) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0825-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationA Fair Mechanism for Private Data Publication in Online Social Networks
Zheng, X., Luo, G., & Cai, Z. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2018.2801798 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lalumière, M. L., Sawatsky, M. L., Dawson, S. J., & Suschinsky, K. D. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01599-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Is Testosterone a Food for the Brain?
Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Carosa, E., Sante, S. D., Gravina, G. L., Mollaioli, D., Gianfrilli, D., Lenzi, A., & Jannini, E. A. (2016) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Controversies of Women’s Sexual Arousal and Desire
Chivers, M. L., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000274 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationA neural circuit encoding sexual preference in humans
Poeppl, T. B., Langguth, B., Rupprecht, R., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.025 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Implicit Processing of Sexual Stimuli
Dewitte, M. D. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2031 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bossio, J. A., Suschinsky, K. D., Puts, D. A., & Chivers, M. L. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0233-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationWho Counts as Sexually Fluid? Comparing Four Different Types of Sexual Fluidity in Women
Diamond, L. M., Alley, J., Dickenson, J., & Blair, K. L. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01565-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sexual arousal and masculinity-femininity of women.
Rieger, G., Savin‐Williams, R. C., Chivers, M. L., & Bailey, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000077 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals
Yule, M. A., Brotto, L. A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2409 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Psychophysiological Investigation of Sexual Arousal in Women with Lifelong Vaginismus
Cherner, R., & Reissing, E. D. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12102 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wu, H., & Sun, Z.-S. (2019) · Frontiers in neuroendocrinology (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100798 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dawson, S. J., Suschinsky, K. D., & Lalumière, M. L. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12032 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12430 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of Introital Lubrication
Dawson, S. J., Sawatsky, M. L., & Lalumière, M. L. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0519-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Object of Desire Self-Consciousness Theory
Bogaert, A. F., & Brotto, L. (2014) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2012.756841 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Subliminal Sexual Stimuli Facilitate Genital Response in Women
Ponseti, J., & Bosinski, H. A. G. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9587-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.172286 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationFarr, R. H., Diamond, L. M., & Boker, S. M. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0378-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Menstrual cycle phase predicts women's hormonal responses to sexual stimuli
Shirazi, T. N., Bossio, J. A., Puts, D. A., & Chivers, M. L. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.05.023 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMale bisexual arousal: A matter of curiosity?
Rieger, G., Rosenthal, A. M., Cash, B. M., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Bailey, J. M., & Savin‐Williams, R. C. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bivona, U., Antonucci, G., Contrada, M., Rizza, F., Leoni, F., Zasler, N. D., & Formisano, R. (2016) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2016.1165867 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Who are gynandromorphophilic men? Characterizing men with sexual interest in transgender women
Hsu, K. J., Rosenthal, A. M., Miller, D. I., & Bailey, J. M. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002317 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., & Sabatinelli, D. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Diamond, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1879721 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kohut, T., & Fisher, W. A. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.935 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Petterson, L. J., Dixson, B. J. W., Little, A. C., & Vasey, P. L. (2016) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000160 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bouchard, K. N., Timmers, A. D., & Chivers, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1022924 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationKelly, M., Inoue, K., Barratt, A. L., Bateson, D. J., Rutherford, A., & Richters, J. (2016) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1214872 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Suschinsky, K. D., Bossio, J. A., & Chivers, M. L. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBouchard, K. N., Chivers, M. L., & Pukall, C. F. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1265641 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., & Blanchard, R.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1108-1121
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2123451707
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Keywords
- sexual orientation, gender differences, sexual arousal, sexual response, animal sexual behavior, masturbation, genital arousal, homosexual women, heterosexual women, gay men, heterosexual men
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Sexual Behavior, Social Perception
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