Cited by 1,967Cognitive Abilities and TestingIntergenerational and Educational Inequality StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.

Flynn, James R.·1987·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171

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Abstract

Data from 14 nations reveal IQ gains ranging from 5 to 25 points in a single generation. Some of the largest gains occur on culturally reduced tests and tests of fluid intelligence. The Norwegian data show that a nation can make significant gains on a culturally reduced test while suffering losses on other tests. The Dutch data prove the existence of unknown environmental factors so potent that they account for 15 of the 20 points gained. The hypothesis that best fits the results is that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather a correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence. This hypothesis can also explain differential trends on various mental tests, such as the combination of IQ gains and Scholastic Aptitude Test losses in the United States. Over the last decade, scholars in many countries—largely unknown to one another—have been measuring IQ trends from one generation to the next. In this article their results are collected and analyzed so as to reap the benefits comparative data usually yield. It is also argued that this mass of data poses fundamental problems for developmental psychology, primarily concerning what factors have the most potent effect on IQ, what IQ tests measure, and how IQ tests should be used in making between-groups comparisons.

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Authors: Flynn, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
Corresponding author: Flynn, James R.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1987-03
Volume: 101
Issue: 2
Pages: 171-191
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171
OpenAlex: W2063679076
Cited by: 1,918
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 38.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2008-09-26)
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: IQ gains, fluid intelligence, intelligence testing, Scholastic Aptitude Test, developmental psychology

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.

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