The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Source monitoring.
Abstract
A framework for understanding source monitoring and relevant empirical evidence is described, and several related phenomena are discussed: old-new recognition, indirect tests, eyewitness testimony, misattributed familiarity, cryptomnesia, and incorporation of fiction into fact. Disruptions in source monitoring (e.g., from confabulation, amnesia, and aging) and the brain regions that are involved are also considered, and source monitoring within a general memory architecture is discussed. It is argued that source monitoring is based on qualities of experience resulting from combinations of perceptual and reflective processes, usually requires relatively differentiated phenomenal experience, and involves attributions varying in deliberateness. These judgments evaluate information according to flexible criteria and are subject to error and disruption. Furthermore, diencephalic and temporal regions may play different roles in source monitoring than do frontal regions of the brain.
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In the citing paper
“By the continuist view, failures of source/reality monitoring occur because remembered and imagined events are often very similar in content and phenomenology, for instance, when imagined events are elaborate, vivid, and plausible (Devitt, Monk-Fromont, Schacter, & Addis, 2016;Garry, Manning, Loftus, & Sherman, 1996;Johnson et al., 1993).”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 1993
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, rats were shown to be able to discriminate between self- or experimenter-generated information [99]; a form of source memory known as reality monitoring [100].”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Episodic memory reconstruction is facilitated through source monitoring processes, which allows two different episodes that share multiple common features, such as occurring in the same place with the same person, to be differentiated between [100].”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
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Davies, J. R., & Clayton, N. S. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0397 · Cited by 27
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Lavallé, L., Brunelin, J., Jardri, R., Haesebaert, F., & Mondino, M. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26387 · Cited by 24
Sleep deprivation impairs binding of information with its context
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Rewarded remembering: dissociations between self-rated motivation and memory performance
NGAOSUVAN, L., & MÄNTYLÄ, T. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00462.x · Cited by 19
Episodic and Autobiographical Memory
Marsh, E. J., & Roediger, H. L. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop204017 · Cited by 18
Pretrial publicity and juror age affect mock-juror decision making.
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Nonprobative photos rapidly lead people to believe claims about their own (and other people’s) pasts
Cardwell, B. A., Henkel, L. A., Garry, M., Newman, E. J., & Foster, J. L. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0603-1 · Cited by 15
Episodic Memory Precision and Reality Monitoring Following Stimulation of Angular Gyrus
Kwon, S., Richter, F. R., Siena, M. J., & Simons, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01814 · Cited by 14
Damiani, S., Cavicchioli, M., Guiot, C., Donadeo, A., Scalabrini, A., Grecuzzo, V., Bergamaschini, I., Provenzani, U., Politi, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.036 · Cited by 9
Schincariol, A., Otgaar, H., Greene, C. M., Murphy, G., Riesthuis, P., Mangiulli, I., & Battista, F. (2024) · Memory, Mind & Media · doi:10.1017/mem.2024.14 · Cited by 8
Kloft, L., Otgaar, H., Blokland, A., van Oorsouw, K., Schepers, J., Steinmeyer, S., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/mac0000055 · Cited by 6
Westerberg, C. E., Hawkins, C. A., & Rendon, L. (2018) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.046342.118 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S.
- ORCID
- Lindsay, D. Stephen
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-28
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W4234477066
- Cited by
- 3,392
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 121 · 2012: 130
- FWCI
- 18.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009253)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- source monitoring, old/new recognition, eyewitness testimony, misattribution, cryptomnesia, confabulation, amnesia, aging, memory architecture, phenomenal experience, memory errors
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain Mapping, Humans, Imagination, Mental Processes, Psychophysiology, Reality Testing, Mental Recall
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