The neural signature of reality‐monitoring: A meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Open accessAbstract
Distinguishing imagination and thoughts from information we perceived from the environment, a process called reality‐monitoring, is important in everyday situations. Although reality monitoring seems to overlap with the concept of self‐monitoring, which allows one to distinguish self‐generated actions or thoughts from those generated by others, the two concepts remain largely separate cognitive domains and their common brain substrates have received little attention. We investigated the brain regions involved in these two cognitive processes and explored the common brain regions they share. To do this, we conducted two separate coordinate‐based meta‐analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies assessing the brain regions involved in reality‐ and self‐monitoring. Few brain regions survived threshold‐free cluster enhancement family‐wise multiple comparison correction ( p < .05), likely owing to the small number of studies identified. Using uncorrected statistical thresholds recommended by Signed Differential Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images, the meta‐analysis of reality‐monitoring studies ( k = 9 studies including 172 healthy subjects) revealed clusters in the lobule VI of the cerebellum, the right anterior medial prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamic projections. The meta‐analysis of self‐monitoring studies ( k = 12 studies including 192 healthy subjects) highlighted the involvement of a set of brain regions including the lobule VI of the left cerebellum and fronto‐temporo‐parietal regions. We showed with a conjunction analysis that the lobule VI of the cerebellum was consistently engaged in both reality‐ and self‐monitoring. The current findings offer new insights into the common brain regions underlying reality‐monitoring and self‐monitoring, and suggest that the neural signature of the self that may occur during self‐production should persist in memories.
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To strengthen methodological rigour, the reporting quality of included neuroimaging studies was evaluated using a 17-item checklist.
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From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
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An exploratory fMRI study into inferences of self-agency
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Reality Monitoring and Feedback Control of Speech Production Are Related Through Self-Agency
Subramaniam, K., Kothare, H., Mizuiri, D., Nagarajan, S. S., & Houde, J. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00082 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Auditory prediction during speaking and listening
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External Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring: Meta‐Analysis of fMRI Studies
Мартин-Луенго, Б., Zinchenko, O. O., & Dolgoarshinnaia, A. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70614
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- Authors
- Lavallé, L., Brunelin, J., Jardri, R., Haesebaert, F., & Mondino, M.
- Affiliations
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Mondino, Marine
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-05-29
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4372-4389
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC10318245
- OpenAlex
- W4378639924
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- reality monitoring, self-monitoring, cerebellar lobule VI, anterior medial prefrontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Parietal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex, Neuroimaging, Functional Neuroimaging
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