Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

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Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain

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Human Aggression

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Attachment Status Affects Heart Rate Responses to Experimental Ostracism in Inpatients with Depression

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When Saying Sorry May Not Help: The Impact of Apologies on Social Rejections

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Ostracized but why? Effects of attributions and empathy on connecting with the socially excluded

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Perceived burdensomeness and neural responses to ostracism in the Cyberball task

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The Scapegoat Mechanism in Human Evolution: An Analysis of René Girard’s Hypothesis on the Process of Hominization

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Resting (Tonic) Blood Pressure Is Associated With Sensitivity to Imagined and Acute Experiences of Social Pain: Evidence From Three Studies

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An ethologically based view into human fear

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Pain referents used to respond to the P ain C atastrophizing S cale

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Social Exclusion and the Hierarchical Defense System: Comment on MacDonald and Leary (2005).

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Dealing with deviants: The effectiveness of rejection, denial, and apologies on protecting the public image of a group

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Mean girls: PID-5 personality traits and everyday sadism predict hostile femininity

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Investigating how ostracizing others affects one’s self-concept

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Can studies of pain help to bridge the gap between sensory and social impairments in autism?

Fitzgibbon, B. M., Segrave, R. A., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Enticott, P. G. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00103 · Cited by 15

Social Influence and Group Behavior

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Why Don’t You Like Me? The Role of the Mentalizing Network in Social Rejection

Sahi, R. S., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_32 · Cited by 21

Shame coping and psychopathy: A replication and extension in a sample of male incarcerated offenders

Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101845 · Cited by 14

Me as good and me as bad: Priming the self triggers positive and negative implicit evaluations.

Zayas, V., Wang, A. M., & McCalla, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000332 · Cited by 15

Expecting exclusion: Does bracing for the worst buffer the pain of social exclusion?

Jauch, M., Büttner, C. M., Rudert, S. C., & Greifeneder, R. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2934 · Cited by 14

“Feeling Unwanted, When Nobody Wants You Around”: Perceptions of Social Pain Among People With Autism

Levi, M. K., Schreuer, N., Granovsky, Y., Bar‐Shalita, T., Weissman‐Fogel, I., Hoffman, T., & Gal, E. (2023) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2023.050061 · Cited by 21

Remote Work and Psychological Distance: Organizational Belongingness as a Resource Against Work Stressors and Employee Performance Impairment and Distress

Петитта, Л., & Ghezzi, V. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17041342 · Cited by 28

Your Sociometer Is Telling You Something: How the Self-Esteem System Functions to Resolve Important Interpersonal Dilemmas

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Why is heartache associated with sadness? Sadness is represented by specific physical pain through verbal knowledge

Shirai, M., & Soshi, T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216331 · Cited by 14

Loss of control as a violation of expectations: Testing the predictions of a common inconsistency compensation approach in an inclusionary cyberball game

Niedeggen, M., Kerschreiter, R., & Schuck, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221817 · Cited by 15

Identity Fusion and Adjustment in International Students at U.S. Colleges and Universities

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Meeting the expectations of your heritage culture

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INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN: IMPERATIVE FOR COUNSELLING INTERVENTION

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Hurt and Psychological Health in Close Relationships

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Çalışanların Yalan Söyleme Eğiliminin Bir Öncülü Olarak Örgütsel Dışlanma

Yıldız, H., & Develı, A. (2018) · Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18506/anemon.452575 · Cited by 17

Functional Neuroimaging of Adult-to-Adult Romantic Attachment Separation, Rejection, and Loss: A Systematic Review

van der Watt, A. S. J., Spies, G., Roos, A., Lesch, E., & Seedat, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09757-x · Cited by 14

Easier to Accelerate Than to Slow Down: Contributions of Developmental Neurobiology for the Understanding of Adolescent Social Anxiety

Tillfors, M., & Zalk, N. V. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_4 · Cited by 17

El cuerpo duele, y el dolor social… ¿duele también?

Martín, Y. P., Pérez-Muñoz, M., Ares, D. G., Fuentes-Gallardo, I., & Costa, I. R. (2019) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2019.10.003 · Cited by 23

Classification of circadian pain rhythms and pain characteristics in chronic pain patients

Tanaka, Y., Shigetoh, H., Sato, G., Fujii, R., Imai, R., Osumi, M., & Morioka, S. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026500 · Cited by 13

Impact of protracted conflict on women in Kashmir: tracking multidimensional exclusions within social and political institutions

Sarvesh, T. (2022) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2106877 · Cited by 13

The longitudinal contribution of prolonged grief to depression and suicide risk in the aftermath of suicide loss: The moderating role of self-criticism

Levi‐Belz, Y., & Blank, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.023 · Cited by 14

Words hurt: common and distinct neural substrates underlying nociceptive and semantic pain

Borelli, E., Benuzzi, F., Ballotta, D., Bandieri, E., Luppi, M., Cacciari, C., Porro, C. A., & Lui, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1234286 · Cited by 16

A study of the role of indoor nature on solidarity and group identity during remote work

Bianchi, E., Bloomfield, L. S. P., Bencharit, L. Z., Altaf, B., Sawe, N. A., Murnane, E. L., Landay, J. A., & Billington, S. L. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110909 · Cited by 13

Online social pain reliever: Online awe-intervening approach promotes recovery via the global sense of connectedness

Yuan, W., Guo, T., Jiang, T., & Wang, F. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108283 · Cited by 13

The effects of different types of social exclusion on malevolent creativity: The role of self-construal

Wu, J., Ma, F., Liu, J., & Jiao, L. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101837 · Cited by 13

Secure attachment and material reward both attenuate romantic jealousy

Selterman, D. F., & Maier, M. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9340-y · Cited by 13

Can Burdensome Facebook “Friends” Cause You Pain? Self-Reported Pain as a Motivation for Exclusion

Okdie, B. M., & Wirth, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmy017 · Cited by 14

Which One is More Detrimental for Humankind? Ostracism or Social Exclusion? Their Effects on Depression, Anxiety, Stress

Kavaklı, M. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research · doi:10.5455/jcbpr.63389 · Cited by 13

Social pain and the role of imagined social consequences: Why personal adverse experiences elicit social pain, with or without explicit relational devaluation

Hudd, T., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104121 · Cited by 14

Replication and extension of the link between the cardiovascular system and sensitivity to social pain in healthy adults

Umeda, M., Leutze, T. M., & Inagaki, T. K. (2021) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.1897672 · Cited by 13

Thwarted Belongingness and Suicide Risk in Primary Care: Perceived Burdensomeness and Psychache as Mediators

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Regional gray matter volume is associated with rejection sensitivity: A voxel-based morphometry study

Sun, J., Li, H., Li, W., Wei, D., Hitchman, G., Zhang, Q., & Qiu, J. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0249-z · Cited by 14

Feeling Hurt

Canaipa, R., Treister, R., Lang, M., Moreira, J. M., & Castro‐Caldas, A. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000220 · Cited by 15

When do socially accepted people feel ostracized? Physical pain triggers social pain

Chen, Z., Poon, K., & DeWall, C. N. (2014) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2014.926290 · Cited by 15

Making of an In-Joke: Humor Appreciation as an Ingratiation Strategy Following Ostracism

Sacco, D. F., Brown, M., May, H. D., & Medlin, M. M. (2017) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0129-1 · Cited by 13

Effects of Rejection by a Friend for Someone Else on Emotions and Behavior

Rajchert, J. M., Żółtak, T., Szulawski, M., & Jasielska, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00764 · Cited by 16

Neglected side of romantic relationships among college students: Breakup initiators are at risk for depression

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Felt Security as a Normative Resource: Evidence for an Elemental Risk Regulation System?

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Superman to the rescue: Simulating physical invulnerability attenuates exclusion-related interpersonal biases

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Living Alone but Not Feeling Lonely: The Effect of Self-Concealment on Perceived Social Support of Youth Living Alone in China

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Longitudinal Associations Between Loneliness and Prescription Medication Use

Lam, J., & Vuolo, M. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad010 · Cited by 12

An Integrated General Theory of Psychopathology and Suicide

Soper, C. A. (2023) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-023-00373-0 · Cited by 15

Addressing Inequality

Thomas, A., Archer, A., & Engelen, B. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781722.003.0004 · Cited by 12

Negative Emotions as Risk Factors for Self-Directed Violence and Intimate Partner Violence in Chinese College Students

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A SNP , Gene, and Polygenic Risk Score Approach of Oxytocin‐Vasopressin Genes in Adolescents’ Loneliness

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Team Member Work Role Performance: The Organizational Benefits From Performance-Based Horizontal Pay Dispersion and Workplace Benign Envy

Zhang, H., Sun, S., & Zhao, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566979 · Cited by 12

Reconnecting in the Face of Exclusion: Individuals with High Social Anxiety May Feel the Push of Social Pain, but not the Pull of Social Rewards

Hudd, T., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10263-z · Cited by 18

Ostracism in the Workplace

Gamian-Wilk, M., & Madeja-Bień, K. (2021) · Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment/Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5308-5_2 · Cited by 17

Breaking the cycles of violence with narrative exposure: Development and feasibility of NETfacts, a community-based intervention for populations living under continuous threat

Schmitt, S., Robjant, K., Elbert, T. R., Carleial, S., Hoeffler, A., Chibashimba, A., Hinkel, H., & Koebach, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275421 · Cited by 13

Green with envy: ostracism increases aggressive tendencies

Poon, K., To, N., Lo, W.-Y., Wong, N. H., Jiang, Y., & Chan, R. S. W. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04221-5 · Cited by 12

Menstrually related mood disorders and a history of abuse: Moderators of pain sensitivity.

Fleischman, D. S., Bunevičius, A., Leserman, J., & Girdler, S. S. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031900 · Cited by 12

From Self to Social Relationships: An Essentially Relational Perspective on Social Motivation

van Zomeren, M. (2016) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 12

Why Eating Animals Is Not Good for Us

Gullone, E. (2017) · Journal of Animal Ethics · doi:10.5406/janimalethics.7.1.0031 · Cited by 16

Chronic stress moderates the impact of social exclusion on pain tolerance: an experimental investigation

Pieritz, K., Schäfer, S. J., Strahler, J., Rief, W., & Euteneuer, F. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s129872 · Cited by 13

Illuminating the conceptual structure of the space of moral violations with searchlight representational similarity analysis

Wasserman, E. A., Chakroff, A., Saxe, R. R., & Young, L. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.043 · Cited by 13

Revisiting the Cyberball inclusion condition: Fortifying fundamental needs by making participants the target of specific inclusion

Simard, V., & Dandeneau, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.08.002 · Cited by 13

Strangers “at home”: Gay, lesbian and bisexual students’ strategies for resisting heteronormativity in university residence life

Munyuki, C., & Vincent, L. (2018) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/32-3-2521 · Cited by 12

Örgütsel Dışlanmanın İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi: Afyonkarahisar’daki Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma

SOYBALI, H. H., & Pelit, O. (2018) · Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.32709/akusosbil.468636 · Cited by 12

The longitudinal effects of alexithymia on romantic relationships

Hesse, C., & Gibbons, S. (2019) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12294 · Cited by 12

Different semantic and affective meaning of the words associated to physical and social pain in cancer patients on early palliative/supportive care and in healthy, pain-free individuals

Borelli, E., Bigi, S., Potenza, L., Artioli, F., Eliardo, S., Mucciarini, C., Cagossi, K., Razzini, G., Pasqualini, A., Lui, F., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248755 · Cited by 16

Children’s Social Networks and Well-Being

Belle, D. E., & Benenson, J. F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_55 · Cited by 13

The Social Pain Posit

Corns, J. (2014) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2014.984614 · Cited by 12

Cognitive and Behavioral Factors in Fibromyalgia: Mood, Goals, and Task Performance

Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Morley, S. (2009) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain · doi:10.1080/10582450903088351 · Cited by 12

Can You Hear Me Now? Twinship Failure and Chronic Loneliness

VanDerHeide, N. (2012) · International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology · doi:10.1080/15551024.2012.686154 · Cited by 12

Can Legislation Prohibiting Weight Discrimination Improve Psychological Well‐Being? A Preliminary Investigation

Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2017) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12128 · Cited by 12

Anxiety sensitivity moderates the painful effects of feeling burdensome to others

LeRoy, A. S., Lü, Q., Zvolensky, M. J., Ramirez, J., & Fagundes, C. P. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1357749 · Cited by 13

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in People affected by Home Eviction in Spain

Robles‐Ortega, H., Guerra, P. M., Usera, I. G., Mata, J. L., Fernández‐Santaella, M. C., Vila, J., Bolívar-Muñoz, J., Solano, M. B., Mateo‐Rodríguez, I., & Daponte, A. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.56 · Cited by 14

Spinach in the teeth: How ego- and allocentric perspectives modulate neural correlates of embarrassment in the face of others' public mishaps

Mayer, A. V., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Krach, S., & Paulus, F. M. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.001 · Cited by 13

Pain-Related Stigma and Its Associations With Clinical and Experimental Pain Severity in Youth With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions

Boileau, N. R., Thompson, K. A., Goodin, B. R., Lynch, M. K., Evans, C. T., Adetayo, T., Rudolph, A. F., Stoll, M. L., Weiser, P., Fobian, A. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad048 · Cited by 12

The moderating role of attachment insecurities in the association between social and physical pain

Frías, M. T., & Shaver, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.003 · Cited by 14

Drawing Light(ning) from the Clouds of Social Aggression

Willer, E. K. (2012) · Qualitative Communication Research · doi:10.1525/qcr.2012.1.3.347 · Cited by 11

Moral foundations and judgment: conceptualizing boundaries

Cowan, K. L., & Yazdanparast, A. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-01-2018-2548 · Cited by 12

Sosyal Dışlanma Olgusu Üzerine Genel Bir İnceleme

Solak, Ç., & Teközel, M. (2019) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18026/cbayarsos.585260 · Cited by 13

The effects of mental budgeting and pain of payment on the financial decision making of socially excluded people

Chun, S. Y., & Johnson, D. S. (2021) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-09-2020-0499 · Cited by 16

Response to unexpected social inclusion: A study using the cyberball paradigm

Groth, R.-M., & Rief, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.911950 · Cited by 13

How does disgust regulate social rejection? a mini-review

Terrizzi, J. A., Pond, R. S., Shannon, T. C. J., Koopman, Z. K., & Reich, J. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141100 · Cited by 16

Criminal Recidivism: A Conceptual Analysis of Social Exclusion

Musa, A. A., & Ahmad, M. D. A. H. B. (2015) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 11

The role of approach and avoidance motivation in employee voice

Ma, C. (2016) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-01-2016-0002 · Cited by 14

Under threat by popular vote: German-speaking immigrants’ affect and cognitions following the Swiss vote against mass immigration

Rudert, S. C., Janke, S., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175896 · Cited by 12

Uncovering the influence of social skills and psychosociological factors on pain sensitivity using structural equation modeling

Tanaka, Y., Nishi, Y., Nishi, Y., Osumi, M., & Morioka, S. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s143342 · Cited by 15

Ultimate (evolutionary) explanations for the attraction and benefits of chronic illness support groups: Attachment, belonging, and collective identity

Lehardy, E. N., & Fowers, B. J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9841-7 · Cited by 10

Can Honor Killings Be Explained With the Concept of Social Death? Reinterpreting Social Psychological Evidence

Doğan, R. (2019) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767919827344 · Cited by 11

Do Histories of Painful Life Experiences Affect the Expression of Empathy Among Young Adults? An Electroencephalography Study

Jami, P. Y., Han, H., Thoma, S. J., Mansouri, B., & Houser, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689304 · Cited by 11

Adolescent Coping with Peer Exclusion: A Person-Centered Analog Approach

Titova, S. V., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Mendez, N., Zimmermann, G., & Petegem, S. V. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02060-9 · Cited by 14

Being Out of the Loop: Workplace Deviance as a Mediator of the Impact of Impression Management on Workplace Exclusion

Fitriastuti, T., & Vanderstraeten, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14021004 · Cited by 10

The medial preoptic area and its projections to the ventral tegmental area and the periaqueductal gray are activated in response to social play behavior in juvenile rats.

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Shared neural circuits: The connection between social and physical pain

Andrews, L., & DiDonato, T. E. (2014) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 1

The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain

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Social Pain/Hurt

Leschak, C. J., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_552-1

On the Overlap Between Physical and Social Pain

Karos, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78340-6_9 · Cited by 2

Social Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here

Eisenberger, N. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146 · Cited by 417