Cited by 1,712Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionBullying, Victimization, and AggressionNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.

MacDonald, Geoff, Leary, Mark R.·2005·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202

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Abstract

The authors forward the hypothesis that social exclusion is experienced as painful because reactions to rejection are mediated by aspects of the physical pain system. The authors begin by presenting the theory that overlap between social and physical pain was an evolutionary development to aid social animals in responding to threats to inclusion. The authors then review evidence showing that humans demonstrate convergence between the 2 types of pain in thought, emotion, and behavior, and demonstrate, primarily through nonhuman animal research, that social and physical pain share common physiological mechanisms. Finally, the authors explore the implications of social pain theory for rejection-elicited aggression and physical pain disorders.

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Authors: MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Wake Forest University (US)
ORCID: MacDonald, Geoff
Leary, Mark R.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 131
Issue: 2
Pages: 202-223
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202
OpenAlex: W2170436315
Semantic Scholar: 0e711c40ec38b531215de3ed80a26fe08eb7d0f6
Cited by: 1,712
References: 272
Citations by year: 2026: 71 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 83
FWCI: 4.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: social exclusion, social pain, bodily pain, rejection, evolutionary psychology, aggression, pain disorders
MeSH terms: Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Narcotics, Oxytocin, Pain, Psychological Theory, Social Alienation

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Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.

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