Cited by 1,058Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Olff, Miranda, Langeland, Willie, Draijer, Nel, Gersons, Berthold P. R.·2007·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

One of the most consistent findings in the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the higher risk of this disorder in women. Explanations reviewed within a psychobiological model of PTSD suggest that women's higher PTSD risk may be due to the type of trauma they experience, their younger age at the time of trauma exposure, their stronger perceptions of threat and loss of control, higher levels of peri-traumatic dissociation, insufficient social support resources, and greater use of alcohol to manage trauma-related symptoms like intrusive memories and dissociation, as well as gender-specific acute psychobiological reactions to trauma. This review demonstrates the need for additional research of the gender differences in posttraumatic stress. Recommendations are made for clinical practice.

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“Social support is suggested to reduce posttraumatic stress reactions in different ways: the assistance received is protective [20]; positive effects are mediated by coping selfefficacy [3]; language carries relational meaning and decreases social distance between individuals [22]; and, social support can affect neuro-…”
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“A consensus has now emerged that females are at a greater risk of PTSD regardless of the type or severity of trauma, and international context (Christiansen & Berke, 2020; Hiscox et al. , 2021; Kessler et al. , 1995; Olff et al. , 2007; Tolin & Foa, 2006).”
Voluntary and involuntary emotional memory following an analogue traumatic stressor: The differential effects of communality in men and women
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“Studies that delineate critical gender dimensions of PTSD in military and conflict-affected populations suggest that gender differences in PTSD extend from men’s and women’s distinctive social positions; their unique exposures; and gender-based physiological, coping, and psychosocial responses to PTEs (Olff et al. 200…”
BackgroundInfluential
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Self-citation
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“This is consistent with previous findings that women are twice as likely to develop PTSD as men (Olff et al., 2007).”
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“…among eligible VA health care users (Meehan, 2006) and there are known gender differences regarding TBI (Cogan et al., 2020), PTSD (Breslau, 2002; Olff et al., 2007), and discourse (Buckner & Fivush, 1998), future research is warranted to compare the sensitivity of discourse analysis between men…”
Background
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“Speculations about the reason for this gender discrepancy have included gender differences in coping after trauma (Olff et al., 2007).”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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“This is of great importance because PTSD and acute stress disorder, with characteristic symptoms of PTSD persisting not longer than a month after trauma exposure, occur more commonly in women than men [Olff et al., 2007; Schenker et al., 2022; Richards et al., 2022].”
Background
Influence of footshock number and intensity on the behavioral and endocrine response to fear conditioning and cognitive fear generalization in male rats
Daviu, N., Molina, P., Nadal, R. A., Belda, X., Serrano, S., & Armario, A. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111112 · Cited by 15
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“Much debate is present in the military and veteran literature about gender differences in PTSD with opinions supporting and opposing the presence of a gender difference [10, 13, 14, 27, 33].”
Background
A new short version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale: validity among Japanese adults with and without PTSD
Itoh, M., Ujiie, Y., Nagae, N., Niwa, M., Kamo, T., Lin, M., Hirohata, S., & Kim, Y. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1364119 · Cited by 15
Dynamics and determinants of cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to repeated stressors in recent interpersonal trauma survivors
Morris, M. C., Bailey, B., Hellman, N. M., Williams, A., Lannon, E. W., Kutcher, M., Schumacher, J. A., & Rao, U. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104899 · Cited by 15
“, 2012; Pole, 2007) and may contribute to higher risk among women (Olff et al., 2007).”
Background
Twenty seven years of treating survivors of torture and organized violence – associations between torture, gender and ethnic minority status among refugees referred for treatment of PTSD
Dalgaard, N. T., Bjerre, K., & Thøgersen, M. H. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1904712 · Cited by 15
COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada
Chima, C., Shalaby, R., Lawal, M. A., Vuong, W., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Surood, S., Greenshaw, A. J., Wells, K., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare2010002 · Cited by 20
“By contrast, a study involving a combined population of sufferers of PTSD and complex PTSD reported a higher prevalence of stress in cisgender males [40].”
Result
Online crowdsourcing to study trauma and mental health symptoms in military populations: A case for Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform.
Forkus, S. R., Contractor, A. A., Goncharenko, S., Goldstein, S. C., & Weiss, N. H. (2022) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001235 · Cited by 15

Authors: Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID: Olff, Miranda
Langeland, Willie
Draijer, Nel
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 133
Issue: 2
Pages: 183-204
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
OpenAlex: W2072944527
Semantic Scholar: cb3fabbf50ff1505b95b8ac8786ada0903601aae
Cited by: 1,058
References: 259
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 41.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, gender differences, women, trauma exposure, threat perception, loss of control, social support, alcohol consumption, intrusive memories, psychobiological model, clinical practice
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Age Factors, Cognition, Culture, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Male, Oxytocin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Factors, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

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Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.

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