Cited by 1,058Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Olff, Miranda, Langeland, Willie, Draijer, Nel, Gersons, Berthold P. R.·2007·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

One of the most consistent findings in the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the higher risk of this disorder in women. Explanations reviewed within a psychobiological model of PTSD suggest that women's higher PTSD risk may be due to the type of trauma they experience, their younger age at the time of trauma exposure, their stronger perceptions of threat and loss of control, higher levels of peri-traumatic dissociation, insufficient social support resources, and greater use of alcohol to manage trauma-related symptoms like intrusive memories and dissociation, as well as gender-specific acute psychobiological reactions to trauma. This review demonstrates the need for additional research of the gender differences in posttraumatic stress. Recommendations are made for clinical practice.

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“First, compared to males, females appear more vulnerable to acute emotional responses (Olff et al., 2007; e.g., intense fear, helplessness, horror, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, panic and anxiety) as well as acute dissociative responses, they are more likely to fall into rumination.”
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“This disparate prevalence between sexes is multifaceted in cause and includes differences in trauma exposure-related factors (such as trauma type), age at exposure, cognitive appraisal of stressors and trauma symptoms, and physiological or hormonal responses (Olff et al. 2007).”
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“Compared to men, women with PTSD tend to be exposed to traumatic events at a younger age, may experience more severe symptoms, and are more likely to have comorbid mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders (Olff, 2017; Olff, Langeland, Draijer, & Gersons, 2007b).”
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“Consistent with past work (Contractor et al., 2017; Lorenzo-Blanco et al., 2016), the PCL-5 was higher for those with a recent history of violent victimization as well as for women (Olff et al., 2007).”
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“Studies have consistently shown a higher prevalence of PTSD in women compared to men (see review by Olff et al., 2007).”
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“Furthermore, starting at a young age, females are more exposed to more interpersonal trauma such as sexual trauma (Olff, 2017; Olff et al., 2007).”
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“…d’adaptation différentes utilisées par les femmes et les hommes participeraient à la différenciation des profils cliniques associés au TSPT (Olff, Langeland, Draijer et Gersons, 2007) : il serait donc indiqué de tenir compte de ces stratégies dans les prochaines études portant sur les…”
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“Studies have shown that men and women respond differently to stress and disasters (Olff et al., 2007 [1] ).”
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“This includes women’s and men’s mental health before the traumatic event, differences in how traumatic events are interpreted and experienced, differences in social support after trauma, and how psychological distress is reported.(34,35) TABLE 4”
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“This difference may be due to differences in the types of traumatic events to which men and women are exposed (Olff et al., 2007); however, several studies have found that some sex differences persist after controlling for the influence of trauma type (Ditlevsen & Elklit, 2012).”
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“This is notable given that IPT is associated with an increased risk for the development of PTSD compared to other types of trauma (Kilpatrick et al., 2013), particularly among women (Olff et al., 2007).”
Neural differentiation of emotional faces as a function of interpersonal violence among adolescent girls
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Sex differences in a rabbit eyeblink conditioning model of PTSD
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“Epidemiological data have long reported a higher incidence of PTSD in women than in men (Olff et al., 2007; MacGregor et al., 2017), and this has been attributed to the types of trauma, younger age, stronger perceptions of threat and loss of control, and insufficient social support (Olff et al.”
Influential
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“…investigating trauma and gender has frequently failed to consider the socially constructed dimensions of gender and has instead focused on gender as a binary organizing variable to explore differences in traumatic experiences (e.g. Breslau, 2009; Ditlevsen & Elklit, 2012; Olff et al., 2007).”
Background
Afrontamiento y síntomas de estrés postraumático en niños mexicanos después del sismo de 2017
Fuentes, N. I. G. A. L., Muñoz, M. A. T., de, Y. P. A. M., Visoso, F. G. A., Escobar, S. G., & Martínez, A. O. R. (2019) · CIENCIA ergo sum · doi:10.30878/ces.v26n3a3 · Cited by 5
“…se ha observado que las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar TEPT debido a que denotan una mayor percepción de amenaza y pérdida de control ante el trauma, mayor reacción emocional, menor apoyo social y tienden a utilizar estilos de afrontamiento de evitación (Olff et al., 2007).”
Background
Does sense of threat in civilians during an armed conflict predict subsequent depression symptoms?
Goral, A., Greene, T., & Gelkopf, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22935 · Cited by 6
PTSD symptoms of survivors of an airline event in Teheran
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Authors: Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID: Olff, Miranda
Langeland, Willie
Draijer, Nel
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 133
Issue: 2
Pages: 183-204
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
OpenAlex: W2072944527
Semantic Scholar: cb3fabbf50ff1505b95b8ac8786ada0903601aae
Cited by: 1,058
References: 259
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 41.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, gender differences, women, trauma exposure, threat perception, loss of control, social support, alcohol consumption, intrusive memories, psychobiological model, clinical practice
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Age Factors, Cognition, Culture, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Male, Oxytocin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Factors, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

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Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.

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