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The simulating social mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders
Abstract
The mechanism by which humans perceive others differs greatly from how humans perceive inanimate objects. Unlike inanimate objects, humans have the distinct property of being "like me" in the eyes of the observer. This allows us to use the same systems that process knowledge about self-performed actions, self-conceived thoughts, and self-experienced emotions to understand actions, thoughts, and emotions in others. The authors propose that internal simulation mechanisms, such as the mirror neuron system, are necessary for normal development of recognition, imitation, theory of mind, empathy, and language. Additionally, the authors suggest that dysfunctional simulation mechanisms may underlie the social and communicative deficits seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
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“Thus, the present data may suggest reduced functional output of mirror neuron regions or decreased hemispheric cross-talk between mirror neuron regions. In turn, reduced output or cross-talk of these regions may contribute to reduced attunement to others’ intentions (56).”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Corpus Callosum in Autism (2009) · cites this paper as [55]
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Gillespie‐Smith, K., Ballantyne, C. J., Branigan, H. P., Turk, D. J., & Cunningham, S. J. (2017) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12219 · Cited by 45
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“Additionally, the current finding provides indirect evidence that the EEG Mu-suppression signal has a close relationship with the MNS (Kuhlman, 1978; Oberman and Ramachandran, 2007; Ulloa and Pineda, 2007; Perry et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2011; Hogeveen et al., 2015).”
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“, to make theoretical inferences about one’s own or another person’s mental states (77, 78), or to simulate or empathize, due perhaps to disruption in the activation of the mirror neuron system (79, 80).”
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“In children with ASD, a reduced mu rhythm desynchronization during movement observation has been repetitively found (Bernier et al., 2007; Oberman and Ramachandran, 2007), but the degree of this reduction is sensitive to the level of familiarity (Oberman et al., 2008).”
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Does Joe influence Fred's action? Not if Fred has autism spectrum disorder
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“…been suggested that the problems in social interaction and language development demonstrated by people with ASD may result from a problem with action perception that stems from a dysfunction of the mirror neuron system (MNS) (Oberman and Ramachandran, 2007; Williams et al., 2001; Williams, 2008).”
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The Bodily Social Self: A Link Between Phenomenal and Narrative Selfhood
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Synesthesia, Mirror Neurons, and Mirror-Touch
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“An early example is the proposal of Williams, Whiten, Suddendorf and Perrett (2001), later elaborated by Iacoboni and Dapretto (2006) and Oberman and Ramachandran (2007), that the social-cognition deficits typical of ASD are the result of mirror-system dysfunctions.”
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“NFT games normalize mu rhythms suppression of autistic children, by allowing them to observe social interaction scenes that trigger their mirror neuron activity related to imitation and social cognition [10, 54], and thus improve social behavior for autistic children [27, 28].”
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“This is especially important considering faulty ‘‘mirror neuron system’’ (MNS) hypothesis that according to MNS and imitation role proponents might be responsible for a cascading effect resulting in lack of emotional responsiveness and empathy, deficient joint attention, theory of mind, and other selfother mapping imp…”
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“MNS is closely associated with the perception of others’ actions and intentions (Iacoboni et al. 2004; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007).”
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Zalla, T., Labruyère, N., & Georgieff, N. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1784-0 · Cited by 33
“2007) or a disorder in perception–action coupling due to a dysfunction of the mirror neuron system (Oberman and Ramachandran 2007).”
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Mu rhythm suppression is associated with the classification of emotion in faces
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Do Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Understand Pantomimic Events?
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“When the same brain circuits are activated through either execution or perception, we can experience another through an appreciation of similarity (Oberman and Ramachandran 2007).”
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Parma, V., Bulgheroni, M., Tirindelli, R., & Castiello, U. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.05.002 · Cited by 31
“Individuals with ASC, both children (Oberman et al., 2008) and adults (Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007) showed greater mu rhythm suppression when interacting with a familiar as compared to an unfamiliar model.”
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Processing Vocal Emotions: Evidence from Psychophysiological Data
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“…and imitation of actions but also in linguistic, cognitive, and emotion-related functions such as pragmatics, theory of mind, empathy, music, and motor functions (Banissy & Ward, 2007; Carr, Iacoboni, Dubeau, Mazziotta, & Lenzi, 2003; Molnar-Szakacs & Overy, 2006; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007).”
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“…have proposed that the empathy deficits observed in individuals with ASD can be attributed to a “broken mirror” system (Iacoboni & Dapretto, 2006; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007; Ramachandran & Oberman, 2006; Rizzolatti & Fabbri-Destro, 2010; Williams, Whiten, Suddendor, & Perrett, 2001), or…”
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“…the high-AQ participants while observing manual actions fits well with previous results obtained in adults with clinical ASD [Bernier et al., 2007; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007], but conflicts with other studies in the literature that fail to obtain any differential modulation in EEG rhythms…”
BackgroundResult40 years of Bio-Psycho-Social model: what’s new?
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“…and thinking has become popular within developmental (Kontra, Goldin-Meadow, & Beilock, 2012), neuropsychological (Damasio, 1994; Edelman, 2004; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007) and cognitive fields of human research (Barsalou, 1999, 2008; Clark, 2008; Shapiro, 2011): the idea that both thinking…”
BackgroundThe Mating Life of Geeks: Love, Neuroscience, and the New Autistic Subject
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“The idea that “simulator neurons” are responsible for understanding actions, thoughts, and emotions is taken up by Oberman and Ramachandran (2007; 2008) who amass evidence that the MN system as an internal simulation mechanism is dysfunctional in cases of autism.”
Yao, S., Zhou, M., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Z., Jiang, X., Xu, X., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2523 · Cited by 21
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“People diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are marked by deficits in false-belief ToM task performance (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985), possibly due to a reduced ability to simulate others (Oberman and Ramachandran, 2007).”
An aetiology of hominin behaviour
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Body Constraints on Motor Simulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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“2015), supporting the view that dysfunctional simulation processes may be related to the social and communicative deficits in ASD (Oberman and Ramachandran 2007).”
BackgroundBelief‐attribution in adults with and without autistic spectrum disorders
Bradford, E. E. F., Hukker, V., Smith, L., & Ferguson, H. J. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2032 · Cited by 21
Fair Proxy Communication: Using Social Robots to Modify the Mechanisms of Implicit Social Cognition
Seibt, J., & Vestergaard, C. (2018) · Research Ideas and Outcomes · doi:10.3897/rio.4.e31827 · Cited by 19
“As neuroscientists and neuropsychologists have begun to notice, social robots can be used as a new sort of research instrument to study social cognition (see e.g. Oberman and Ramachandran 2007, Wiese et al. 2017, Wykowska et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEmbodying the Couple Relationship: Kinesthetic Empathy and Somatic Mirroring in Couples Therapy
Engelhard, E. S. (2019) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2018.1481801 · Cited by 21
“…in romantic relationships Recently, research in the area of empathy stresses the role of the kinesthetic component in developing the cognitive and emotional abilities necessary for mimicking others, for understanding their intentions, and for empathy (Gallese, 2009; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007).”
BackgroundChronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Goldstein, M. L., & Morewitz, S. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9764-7 · Cited by 19
Why is your spouse so predictable? Connecting mirror neuron system and self-expansion model of love
Ortigue, S., & Bianchi‐Demicheli, F. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.016 · Cited by 19
“[11] Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS.”
BackgroundOn the relationship between mouth opening and “broken mirror neurons” in autistic individuals
Pascolo, P., & Cattarinussi, A. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.07.009 · Cited by 19
Reading in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Literature Review
Fernandes, F. D. M., Amato, C. A. D. L. H., Cardoso, C., Navas, A. L., & Molini-Avejonas, D. R. (2015) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000442086 · Cited by 19
Functional but Inefficient Kinesthetic Motor Imagery in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Chen, Y.-T., Tsou, K.-S., Chen, H., Wong, C., Fan, Y., & Wu, C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3367-y · Cited by 22
“There seems to be inconsistency between the present findings and other studies that support the broken mirror hypothesis (Iacoboni and Dapretto 2006; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007), which posits a dysfunctional mirror neuron system (MNS) in individuals with ASD.”
BackgroundResultAlterations in Social Brain Network Topology at Rest in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yoon, N., Huh, Y., Lee, H., Kim, J. I., Lee, J., Yang, C.-M., Jang, S., Ahn, Y. D., Oh, M. R., Lee, D. S., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0174 · Cited by 19
Visuomotor resonance in autism spectrum disorders
Becchio, C., & Castiello, U. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00110 · Cited by 17
“Finally, by disrupting embodied simulation, dysfunction of visuomotor resonance may contribute to deficits related to more sophisticated mental abilities such as theory of mind and language (Oberman and Ramachandran, 2007).”
BackgroundMirror neuron system based therapy for emotional disorders
Yuan, T., & Hoff, R. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.004 · Cited by 18
“A number of studies, including EEG [9–11] and brain imaging studies [12,13] have suggested the presence of MNS dysfunction in ASD patients.”
BackgroundSaffin, J. M., & Tohid, H. (2016) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/nsj.2016.2.20150472 · Cited by 22
Commentary on “Toward a Neuroscience of Empathy: Integrating Affective and Cognitive Perspectives”
Biven, L., & Panksepp, J. (2007) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2007.10773551 · Cited by 18
Stepping in time: Alpha‐mu and beta oscillations during a walking synchronization task
Scanlon, J. E. M., Jacobsen, N. S. J., Maack, M. C., & Debener, S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119099 · Cited by 17
Have We Found the Holy Grail? Theory of Mind as a Unifying Construct
Boyd, J. H. (2008) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-008-9169-y · Cited by 17
“The ability to understand someone who is about to be clobbered, or who is walking a rope, we must experience the other person as being ‘‘like me’’ (Meltzoff and Moore 1995) and we mimic inside ourselves what it would be like to be in that other person’s position ( Oberman and Ramachandran 2007 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCompassion on university degree programmes at a UK university
Gilbert, T., Doolan, N. M., Beka, S., Spencer, N. H., Crotta, M., & Davari, S. (2018) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-09-2017-0020 · Cited by 24
Sensory and Motor Brain Areas Supporting Biological Motion Perception
Saygın, A. P. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0021 · Cited by 16
Morris, P. O., Hope, E., Foulsham, T., & Mills, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.09.016 · Cited by 24
Petzold, H. G. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93079-4_17 · Cited by 16
Dissociation between executed and imagined bimanual movements in autism spectrum conditions
Piedimonte, A., Conson, M., Frolli, A., Bari, S., della Gatta, F., Rabuffetti, M., Keller, R., Berti, A., & Garbarini, F. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1902 · Cited by 16
“In recent years, these heterogeneous motor difficulties in ASC have been linked to an alteration of motor simulation processes [Gallese, Rochat, & Berchio, 2013; Eigsti, 2013; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007].”
BackgroundRuggiero, M., & Catmur, C. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13061 · Cited by 16
“The current data also have implications for the so-called ‘broken mirror’ theory of autism (Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007).”
BackgroundThe Emergence of Empathy during Infancy
Hutman, T., & Dapretto, M. (2009) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 15
A meta-analysis on the cognitive and linguistic correlates of reading skills among children with ASD
Wang, Y., Lan, Z., Duan, I., Peng, P., Wang, W., & Wang, T. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10338-7 · Cited by 18
“Oberman and Ramachandran (2007) offered an explanation for this close relationship between ToM and language comprehension: language comprehension tasks requiring ToM (e.g., interpreting metaphorical language) make use of the mirror neuron system, which allows for the embodiment of the abstract…”
BackgroundParada, F. J., Grasso‐Cladera, A., Rossi, A., Soto‐Icaza, P., Arenas‐Pérez, M., & Errázuriz, M. C. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16463 · Cited by 16
“These types of objectivist and individualistic theories and perspectives are exemplified by the well-known Theory of Mind (Baron-Cohen, 2000) and understand neurodiverse individuals in terms of deficits or even as having ‘ broken ’ neural systems (Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007).”
Autism is associated with reduced ability to interpret grasping actions of others
Turi, M., Muratori, F., Tinelli, F., Morrone, M. C., & Burr, D. C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12995-z · Cited by 15
“These main effects were qualified by a significant interaction between view and group (F(1,34) = 5.”
BackgroundGordon, A., Geddert, R., Hogeveen, J., Krug, M. K., Obhi, S. S., & Solomon, M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04355-9 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Oberman, L. M., & Ramachandran, V. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Oberman, Lindsay M.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 310-327
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2145945667
- Semantic Scholar
- 666116b9135d9fb9cd3d19c9d594c8b530996226
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 64.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- mirror neuron system, simulation theory, autism spectrum disorder, social cognition, theory of mind, empathy, imitation, language development, social communication deficits, self-other perception
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Brain, Child, Cognition Disorders, Communication Disorders, Empathy, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Language Disorders, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Speech Perception, Verbal Behavior
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